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youxiaxiaolala 发表于 2010-11-3 07:32

英文诗歌赏析之技巧(3)

[i=s] 本帖最后由 youxiaxiaolala 于 2010-11-3 07:33 编辑 [/i]

[p=30, 2, left][font=宋体][size=12pt][/size][/font] [/p][p=30, 2, left][font=宋体][size=12pt]三、[/size][/font][font=宋体][size=12pt]诗的体式[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]有的诗分成几节([/size][/font]stanza[font=宋体][size=12pt]),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:[/size][/font][/p][p=30, 2, left]

1[font=宋体][size=12pt].[/size][/font][font=宋体][size=12pt]十四行诗[/size][/font] (Sonnet)[font=宋体][size=12pt],源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克([/size][/font]Petrarch[font=宋体][size=12pt])为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用[/size][/font]abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)[font=宋体][size=12pt]。前八行提问,后六行回答。[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]后来,怀亚特([/size][/font]Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542[font=宋体][size=12pt])将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行[/size][/font],[font=宋体][size=12pt]前三节提问,后二句结论。[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]斯宾塞([/size][/font]Edmund Spenser,1552-1599[font=宋体][size=12pt])用韵脚[/size][/font] abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee[font=宋体][size=12pt]。莎士比亚([/size][/font]William Shakespeare,1564-1616[font=宋体][size=12pt])用韵脚[/size][/font]abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg[font=宋体][size=12pt],称英国式或莎士比亚式。[/size][/font]
Sonnet 60
Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend,
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned,
Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,
And time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.
And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
Notes:
1. pibbled : pebbled [font=宋体][size=12pt]铺着卵石的[/size][/font]
2.In sequent toil all forwards do contend: Toiling and following each othe, the waves struggle to press forward. [font=宋体][size=12pt]波浪前推后涌,一个个在奋勇争先。此处是比喻,指时光不停息地流逝。[/size][/font]
3.in the main of light: [font=宋体][size=12pt]光明的金海[/size][/font]
4.crawls: [font=宋体][size=12pt]爬行[/size][/font]
5.crooked eclipses: [font=宋体][size=12pt]凶恶的日蚀[/size][/font]
6.transfix the flourish set on youth: remove the embellishment on the face of the youth.[font=宋体][size=12pt]戳破了青春面颊上的光华(指[/size][/font][url=http://www.chinaenglish.com.cn/html/c189/2009-10/35705.html][font=宋体][color=black]时间[/color][/font][/url][font=宋体][size=12pt])。[/size][/font]
7. delves the paralles: dig the paralledl furrows (wrinkles):[font=宋体][size=12pt]挖下沉陷的战壕(比喻用法,即时间在人的交前额上流下深深的皱纹)[/size][/font]
8.scythe to mow: [font=宋体][size=12pt]镰刀的收割(比喻用法,意指光阴的无情流逝[/size][/font])
9. times in hope: future times [font=宋体][size=12pt]未来,将来,[/size][/font][/p]

1. [font=宋体][size=12pt]像波浪滔不息地滚向沙滩[/size][/font]
2.[font=宋体][size=12pt]我们的光阴息息奔赴着终点;[/size][/font]
3.[font=宋体][size=12pt]后浪和前浪不断地循环替换, [/size][/font]
4.[font=宋体][size=12pt]前推后拥,一个个在奋勇争先。[/size][/font]
5.[font=宋体][size=12pt]生辰,一度涌现于光明的金海,[/size][/font]
6.[font=宋体][size=12pt]爬行到壮年,然后,既登上极顶,[/size][/font]
7.[font=宋体][size=12pt]凶冥的日蚀便遮没它的光彩,[/size][/font]
8.[font=宋体][size=12pt]时光又撕毁了它从前的赠品。  [/size][/font]
9.[font=宋体][size=12pt]时光戳破了青春颊上的光艳,[/size][/font]
10.[font=宋体][size=12pt]在美的前额挖下深陷的战壕,[/size][/font]
11.[font=宋体][size=12pt]自然的至珍都被它肆意狂喊,[/size][/font]
12.[font=宋体][size=12pt]一切挺立的都难逃它的镰刀:[/size][/font]
13.[font=宋体][size=12pt]可是我的诗未来将屹立千古, [/size][/font]
14.[font=宋体][size=12pt]歌颂你的美德,不管它多残酷!   [/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]   这首诗的主题是时间的无情,以及诗歌的不朽和永恒。诗人一开始便以生动的视觉意象为比喻,吸引了读者的注意力。诗人除了用大海波浪的滚滚向前比喻人生时光的无情流淌,生生不息外,还用了太阳的金光被日蚀遮住作比喻,说明时光无情消亡,一切美好的东西和青春都不会永远停留,而会随时间的流逝而迅速消逝。([/size][/font]delves the .... [font=宋体][size=12pt])这句,比喻时间会使青春美貌老去。这个比喻乍一听有点夸张,太虚张声势或小题大做,实际上这正与诗的崇高严肃的主题相和谐,显示出时间强大的破坏力。第[/size][/font]2[font=宋体][size=12pt]行,诗人又用了第三个意象来比喻时间:时间的流逝就像镰刀的收割。最后这两个不太温柔的比喻都暗示了时间的无情和残忍,生动之极。像通常十四行诗的最后现行一样,诗人在最后做了结论:时间残酷,但他的诗将屹立千古,歌颂[/size][/font]“[font=宋体][size=12pt]你[/size][/font]”[font=宋体][size=12pt]的美德。[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]这首诗的最后的[/size][/font]“[font=宋体][size=12pt]你[/size][/font]”[font=宋体][size=12pt],颇令人疑惑。照一些批评家的猜测,莎士比亚的十四行诗或者是献给一个英俊的独身青年,或者是给一们黝黑的美丽女士。这首诗的[/size][/font]“[font=宋体][size=12pt]你[/size][/font]”[font=宋体][size=12pt]到底是谁,让人费思量。[/size][/font]


2[font=宋体][size=12pt].打油诗([/size][/font]Limericks[font=宋体][size=12pt]):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为[/size][/font]aabba[font=宋体][size=12pt],格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。[/size][/font]
There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.

3[font=宋体][size=12pt].[/size][/font][font=宋体][size=12pt]无韵体([/size][/font]Blank Verse[font=宋体][size=12pt]):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。[/size][/font]
Across the watery bale , and shout again,
Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
Of jocund din!…

4[font=宋体][size=12pt].[/size][/font][font=宋体][size=12pt]自由诗([/size][/font]Free Verse[font=宋体][size=12pt])[/size][/font]:[font=宋体][size=12pt]现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人[/size][/font]Walt Whitman[font=宋体][size=12pt]的[/size][/font]<<[font=宋体][size=12pt]草叶集[/size][/font]>>[font=宋体][size=12pt]([/size][/font]Leaves of Grass[font=宋体][size=12pt])中,就采用此格式。[/size][/font]

[font=宋体][size=12pt]四、[/size][/font][font=宋体][size=12pt]诗的评判[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。[/size][/font]
[font=宋体][size=12pt]二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。[/size][/font]

cgyj 发表于 2010-11-4 11:07

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