[2010四六级] 12月四六级常考重点语法：状语从句
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)[b]一、时间状语从句[/b]
1. when, as, while 和whenever
when 表示某个具体的时间，可指一段时间和一点时间，可表示短暂动作，又可表示持续动作。As所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般与延续性动词连用。While只表示持续性的动作或状态，强调主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中。Whenever指的是“任何时间”。例如：
When you arrive in London, please give us a call.
When I was watching TV, my mother suddenly came in.
3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.
4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the dinner.
It rains whenever he has the class.
Whenever that man says “To tell you the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.
NT: 当as意为“当…时候”时，主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用，用于连接两个逐渐发展或演变的动作或状态。通常情况下不与表示感觉的动词，表示感情的动词，表示精神活动的动词和表示拥有的动词连用。
As the day goes on, the weather gets worse.
2．before 和after
before 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。After引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句要用过去时，从句则要用过去完成时。例如：
1) The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.
2) After he had lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping.
但是如果不强调先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和 before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如：They arrived at the cinema after the film began.
3. till 和until
这两个词的用法十分近似，都表示“直到…“，但在句首只能用until 。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，until 或till可以和非延续性动词连用，这时until和before同义。例如：
Not until they had finished the work did they go home.
I did not lose my confidence until I failed seven times.
I did not go to bed until my mother came back.
We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst.
4．as long as, every time, each time, next time
as long as表示“只要”；every time 表示“每次”；each time表示“每逢”；next time 表示“下次”，它们可以直接引导句子。
1）I am happy as long as my children are.
2) He will continue working as long as he has the strength.
She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed.
She smiles every time she sees me.
I am going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that), directly 和immediately
这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生, 意为“一…就”。例如：
1) She came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news.
2) They told me the news the moment they got the message.
3) Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.
6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) … when
这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一…就“。主句动词用过去完成时。如果No sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。例如：
1) He had no sooner entered the house then it began to rain.
2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to rain.
3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
4) Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang.
[b]二、地点状语从句[/b]
地点状语从句表示在主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向,这类从句通常由Where, wherever或 everywhere引导,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。Where指“在某个地方”，wherever指“在任何一个地方”，everywhere指“每一…地方”, 意思与wherever相近。例如：
1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.
2) Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you..
3) Everywhere you go, I will follow you.
[b]三、条件状语从句[/b]
1. if 和unless
if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”，unless表示反而的条件，意为“除非，如果不”例如：
1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying?
2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it rains.
NT：在条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that 和in case
这些连词（词组）意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…条件下”等意思。例如：
1) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
3. only if和if only
Only if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”; if only引导从句要用虚拟语气，意为“要是…就好了”。
1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve great success.
2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
4. where有时也可以表示条件(常用于谚语和习语)
1) Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成）。
2) There is never peace where men are greedy.（人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望）。
3) Birth is nothing where virtue is not.（如果没有品德，出身再好也等于零）。
[b]四、原因状语从句[/b]
1．because, since, as 和for
because 表示原因语气最强，常用于回答以疑问词“why”引导的疑问句。 because 从句一般位于主句后面。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，且不可位于主句前。since 表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已知的显然理由，意为“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句, as通常放在主句前。例如：
1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.
4) It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2．seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given (that)
这几个连词同since意思相近，都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思。例如：
1) Now that you are a big boy, you must behave better.
2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and speak.
3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off to next month.
3. not…because
本结构中not否定的是because引导的整个从句。例如：
I am going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to.
He stole, not because he wanted the money but he liked.
[b]五、让步状语从句[/b]
1．though, although, even if 和even though
(1) 这四个词（词组）都有“虽然，即使，尽管”的意思，even if 和even though 带有强调的意味，语气较强，though 和although 语气较弱，though 比although 通俗，但不如although 正式。让步状语从句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如：
1) Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits.
2) She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days.
(2)英语不允许在though 或although从句后用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如：Although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy.
2．no matter how (what, when, which, who, where)
这几个短语意为“不管怎样（什么，什么时候，哪一个，谁，什么地方）”，例如：
1) Do not believe the rumor, no matter who repeats it.
2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.
3．whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however
这几个词也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what (when, where , who, which, how)。例如：
1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best.
2) However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape.
NT：however引导让步状语从句时，与它所修饰的词一起放在句首。
4．让步状语从句的倒装
though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，也可以不倒装。用 as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装。如果名词放提前放在句首，该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。
常用的句型为形容词（副词，动词，名词，过去分词）＋though (as, that)＋主语＋谓语。例如：
1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of winning.
2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
3) Child as he was, he had a good command of English.
[b]六、方式状语从句
[/b]1．as 和just as
二者都表示“如…，犹如…，正如…”。just as 比as强调的语气更强。例如：
1) In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now.
2) Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
2．as if 和as though
as if 或as though从句可以用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况，意为“好像，仿佛”。例如：
1) Some rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold.
2) It looks as though it is going to rain.
[b]七、比较状语从句[/b]
1．as… as这种结构可以用于同等程度的比较，否定句用not so (as) …as。例如：
1) A pound of cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron.
2) Sound does not travel so fast in gases as in liquids.
2．as 和than连接的比较状语从句常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分。例如：
1) Bill is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is).
3．The… the…后面分别跟形容词或副词的比较级，意思为“越…越…”。例如：
1) The faster, the better. 2) The higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is.
[b]八、目的状语从句[/b]
1．so that 和in order that
(1) 二者都表示“为了，以便”。so that 较常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that 用于正式文体，引导从句可中谓语多用may/can/will+动词原形。例如：
1) She takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class.
2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like Michael Jordan.
3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
4) He wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it.
2．lest, for fear that 和in case
意思是“以防，以免”。lest, for fear that后的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式为“ should＋ 动词原形”。例：
1) We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.
2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain.
3) Phone me in case you meet problems.
[b]九、结果状语从句[/b]
1.so …that 和such …that这两个词组意为“如此…以至于”
常用结构如下：so＋adj / adv＋that / so＋adj＋a (an)＋n＋that / such＋a (an)＋adj＋n＋that
1) The box is so heavy that nobody can move it away.
2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away.
3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
4) There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.
NT: such 不能用于much, many 之前 句型不错
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