何为穿梭外交
Shuttle diplomacyIn [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy][color=#0645ad]diplomacy[/color][/url] and [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations][color=#0645ad]international relations[/color][/url], [b]shuttle diplomacy[/b] is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact. Originally and usually, the process entails successive travel ("[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_(disambiguation)][color=#0645ad]shuttling[/color][/url]") by the intermediary, from the working location of one principal, to that of another.
The term was first applied to describe the efforts of [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State][color=#0645ad]United States Secretary of State[/color][/url] [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger][color=#0645ad]Henry Kissinger[/color][/url], beginning November 5, 1973,[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy#cite_note-0][size=2][color=#0645ad][1][/color][/size][/url] which facilitated the cessation of hostilities following the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War][color=#0645ad]Yom Kippur War[/color][/url].
Negotiators often use shuttle diplomacy when the one or both of two principals refuses [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition][color=#0645ad]recognition[/color][/url] of the other prior to mutually desired [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation][color=#0645ad]negotiation[/color][/url].
[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation][color=#0645ad]Mediators[/color][/url] have adopted the term "shuttle diplomacy" as well.[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy#cite_note-1][size=2][color=#0645ad][2][/color][/size][/url]
Examples
Kissinger continued to participate in shuttle diplomacy in the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East][color=#0645ad]Middle East[/color][/url] during the Nixon and Ford administrations (1969-1977); it resulted in the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Interim_Agreement][color=#0645ad]Sinai Interim Agreement[/color][/url] (1975) and arrangements between Israel and Syria on the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights][color=#0645ad]Golan Heights[/color][/url] (1974)[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy#cite_note-2][size=2][color=#0645ad][3][/color][/size][/url]. The term became widespread during Kissinger's service as Secretary of State.
In a major outbreak of [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel][color=#0645ad]Israel[/color][/url]-[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah][color=#0645ad]Hezbollah[/color][/url] fighting in 1996, U.S. Secretary of State [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Christopher][color=#0645ad]Warren Christopher[/color][/url] conducted shuttle diplomacy, traveling to, among other places, [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria][color=#0645ad]Syria[/color][/url]. Having persuaded the Syrians to rein in [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah][color=#0645ad]Hezbollah[/color][/url], Christopher achieved a cease-fire.[size=2][[i][url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed][color=#0645ad]citation needed[/color][/url][/i]][/size]
In 2008 [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Nimetz][color=#0645ad]Matthew Nimetz[/color][/url] carried out shuttle diplomacy between Greece and the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia][color=#0645ad]Republic of Macedonia[/color][/url] to resolve the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute][color=#0645ad]Macedonian naming dispute[/color][/url].[size=2][[i][url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed][color=#0645ad]citation needed[/color][/url][/i]][/size]
[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey][color=#0645ad]Turkey[/color][/url] has carried out shuttle diplomacy, often involving Israel: Turkey was Israel's closest ally in the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world][color=#0645ad]Muslim world[/color][/url], and some Arab countries (notably Syria, which has common borders with Turkey, and with Israel) have been amenable to Turkey, with its own Muslim majority population, taking that role.[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy#cite_note-3][size=2][color=#0645ad][4][/color][/size][/url] Another instance took place between Russia and [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)][color=#0645ad]Georgia[/color][/url] in 2008.[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy#cite_note-4][size=2][color=#0645ad][5][/color][/size][/url] 以前还真不知道。 我听VOA常速时候听到的，专有名词不理解会影响听力理解，我就特意查了一下。 我听VOA常速时候听到的，专有名词不理解会影响听力理解，我就特意查了一下。 :qq55]很认真。:qq49]
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