陈家胜:高考英语词汇复习策略
很多人认为,英语学习有困难的中国学生大凡与词汇掌握较差有关。所以,很多老师和家长面对英语学习有困难的学生,总会说:你词汇掌握的不好,你把词汇记好,英语就差不多了。尤其是面对英语学习有困难的高三学生,老师和家长更是如此。于是,很多学生把课程标准中的词汇表、高考考试说明中的词汇表以及课本后的词汇表都撕掉放在口袋里,有空就拿出来记忆。这样真的能走出英语学习
的困境吗?
大家知道,学习知识的最终目的是灵活运用知识。《新课程标准》有一个非常重要的原则:“在用中学、在学中用、学用结合”。北京外国语大学的张连仲教授关于词汇学习也有“不孤立地学习词汇、
不学习孤立的词汇”的观点。由此可见,在语境中学习词汇,在运用中学习词汇是掌握词汇的有效策略,高三学生尤其如此。因为高三的学生面对的是大量的词汇和繁杂的知识点以及大量的练习。由此
可见,把词汇表放在口袋里背单词,充其量只能解决单词的拼写、词性,词义等问题,与“学以致用”的目的相去甚远。
2009年普通高等学校全国统一考试(江苏卷)说明中,对“语言知识”的要求是:“要求考生能够运用基本的英语语法知识,掌握约3500个单词和400—500个习惯用语或固定搭配”。
什么叫“掌握”呢?我认为能把词汇在具体的语境中灵活运用,能够用词汇解决具体问题,比如能够灵活运用所学词汇进行书面表达就可以认为“掌握”了词汇。
那么,面对高考要求的大量词汇,英语词汇复习需要哪些策略呢?
下面以“create”以及其同根词为例,说明高考英语词汇复习的五个层次。
第一个层次:发掘同根词,掌握构词法常识
掌握构词法常识是掌握词汇、扩大词汇量的有效方法。高考试卷中把高考要求词汇的同根词不作为生词对待。
比如:“create”的同根词:
create(vt.创造)---- creative(adj.富有创造力的)--- creatively(adv.富有创造性地)--- creativity(n.创造力)---creation(n.创造、产生)---creator(n. 创造者、创作者)
下面以形容词变成副词为例说明构词法常识。
构词法常识:形容词变成副词的方法——一般情况下,在形容词后加上后缀--ly变成副词
把下列的形容词变成副词:
A) .polite--- creative--- nice--- brave---
kind--- bad--- careful--- full---
B).true--- comfortable--- terrible--- horrible---
C).happy--- angry--- merry--- busy---
D).shy--- sly---
E).hard--- early--- straight---
F).good---
形容词变成副词的基本规则:
1、 一般情况下,在形容词后面直接加上—ly,构成副词。如:A)组中的形容词都是加上--ly变成副词。
2、 以--e结尾的形容词,一般都是直接加上--ly构成副词。
如A)组中的polite--- politely creative--- creatively nice---nicely brave---bravely.
但是,也有一些特殊的变化。
如:B)组中的true---truly comfortable--- comfortably terrible--- terribly horrible--- horribly
3、 以“辅音字母+--y”结尾的形容词,把--y变成--i, 再加上--ly.如:C)组中的形容词。
happy--- happily angry--- angrily
merry--- merrily busy--- busily.
如果结尾的--y为半元音字母,其副词直接加上--ly.如:D)组:shy---shyly sly---slyly
4、 有的形容词和副词同型,如:E)组:
例如:to work hard (adv) to solve the hard (adj)problem
to get up early (adv) to catch the early (adj) train
to sit straight(ad) to draw a straight(adj)line
5、有的形容词的副词形式是特殊变化。如F)组:.good---well
第二个层次:在构词法的基础上,了解不同词性的语法功能,有利于高考题目中的“任务型阅读”的解决
例如:
(1)、A good teacher should be good at creating more opportunities for the students.(create 为及物动词,其后需要直接跟宾语)
(2)、A good teacher should be good at developing the student’s creative thinking.(creative 为形容词,它可以修饰名词,或者做表语)
(3)、A good teacher should be good at developing the student’s creativity.(creativity是名词,可以做宾语)
(4)、A good teacher should be good at making the student’s think creatively.(creatively 是副词,在句中做状语)
第三个层次:关注活跃词汇的常用搭配,以丰富学生高考中书面表达的语言表现力
高考中书面表达评分标准的核心是“完成写作任务的情况如何或者达到预期写作目的的情况如何”。我认为完成写作任务的情况一般取决于以下三个方面:文章的结构、文章的层次和文章的表达。经过
长期的强化训练,高三的学生在文章的结构和层次方面,一般情况下没有太大的问题,唯独文章的表达很多学生感觉最难解决。其主要原因可能是学生缺乏基础的词汇,以及对基础词汇的灵活运用能力
。
“Create”是一个非常活跃的动词,关注活跃动词的搭配,有利于高考中的书面表达能力的培养。例如:
(1)、Having a mixture of male and female nurses also helps create a fun atmosphere, which helps patients recover faster.(Unit1 M11 P11)
(create a fun atmosphere意为“营造快乐的氛围”)
(2)、Having more male nurses will help create a positive balance between male and female staff, and it will allow patients the choice of a male or female carer. (Unit1 M11 P11)
(create a positive balance between A and B意为“在A和B之间建立一个积极的平衡”)
(3)、Mensa is a society for bright people, and it aims to create a platform for these people to share their thoughts and ideas. (Unit3 M11 P35)
(create a platform for sb意为“为某人建立一个平台”)
(4)、It is the responsibility of the government to create more job opportunities for the farmers.
(create more job opportunities for sb意为“为某人创造更多的就业机会”)
(5)、It is the responsibility of the government to create a positive balance between the development and the environment.
第四个层次:充分利用常用句型,以丰富学生高考中书面表达的语言表现力
学生在书面表达中,语言表达过于“精炼”,即句子表达不丰满。如:Creativity is the key to success.(创造力是成功的关键)
我们可以用以下方法丰富学生的语言表达能力:
1) 用短语或习语来丰富语言表现力
(1)、To conclude/In conclusion, creativity is the key to success.
(2)、To sum up/ In summary, creativity is the key to success.
(3)、To be brief/In brief, creativity is the key to success.
(4)、In a word, creativity is the key to success.
(5)、Generally speaking, creativity is the key to success.
(6)、In general, creativity is the key to success.
(7)、All in all, creativity is the key to success.
(8) 、For my part, creativity is the key to success.
(9)、In my opinion/In my view, creativity is the key to success.
(10) 、As far as I’m concerned , creativity is the key to success.
2) 用副词来丰富语言表现力
(1)、Clearly , creativity is the key to success.
(2)、Apparently, creativity is the key to success.
(3)、Definitely, creativity is the key to success.
(4)、Obviously, creativity is the key to success.
(5)、Briefly, creativity is the key to success.
(6)、Personally, creativity is the key to success.
(7)、Not surprisingly, creativity is the key to success.
3) 用从句来丰富语言表现力
(1)、It’s widely accepted that creativity is the key to success.
(2)、It is clear that creativity is the key to success.
(3)、It is apparent that creativity is the key to success.
(4)、It is obvious that creativity is the key to success.
(5)、It is definite that creativity is the key to success.
(6)、It is certain that creativity is the key to success.
(以上六个that引导的从句为主语从句)
(7)、There is no doubt that creativity is the key to success.
(8)、There is no question that creativity is the key to success.
(以上两个例子为There be句型)
(9)、I want to stress that creativity is the key to success.
(上例that引导的从句为宾语从句)
(10)、I want to stress the point that creativity is the key to success.
(上例that引导的从句为同位语从句)
(11)、What I want to stress is that creativity is the key to success.
(12)、My opinion is that creativity is the key to success.
(13)、My view is that creativity is the key to success.
(14)、My viewpoint is that creativity is the key to success.
(上例四个that引导的从句为表语从句)
第五个层次:对经典句型借题发挥,以丰富学生高考中书面表达的语言表现力
Creativity is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
本句型借鉴于一道高考单向选择题。我们可以对此经典句型发挥,以丰富学生高考中书面表达中的语言表现力。
我们可以把上面句型中的主语Creativity,替换为其它一些说明人品质的常用词汇,如:
Imagination/ Determination/ Honesty/ Patience/ Perseverance Pesistence/ Coopration/ Optimism/ Self-respect/ Self-confidence
这样就组成了如下表现力很丰富的句型:
(1)Imagination is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
(2)Determination is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
(3)Honesty is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
(4)Patience is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
(5)Perseverance is a kind of basic quality and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
…
总之,词汇作为语言这座大厦的根基在语言学习中的地位和作用是不言而喻的。我们只有遵循“在用中学、在学中用、学用结合”的原则,才能在高 新人报道,大家多多关
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