Suburbanization
[size=3][color=#29384e][font=Times New Roman]If by [/font][font=宋体]“[/font][font=Times New Roman]suburb[/font][font=宋体]”[/font][font=Times New Roman] is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840[/font][font=宋体]‘’[/font][font=Times New Roman]s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] for example[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.[/font][/color][/size][size=3][color=#29384e][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size]
[color=#29384e][font=宋体][size=10.5pt] [/size][/font][size=10.5pt]With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] in 1888[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts[/size][/color]
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