Modern American Universities
[size=3][color=#29384e][font=Times New Roman]Before the 1850[/font][font=宋体]‘[/font][font=Times New Roman]s[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] the United States had a number of small colleges[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] most of them dating from colonial days. They were small[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.[/font][/color][/size][size=3][color=#29384e][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size]
[size=3][color=#29384e][font=宋体] [/font][font=Times New Roman]Throughout Europe[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] institutions of higher learning had developed[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800[/font][font=宋体]‘[/font][font=Times New Roman]s[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] more than nine thousand young Americans[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] dissatisfied with their training at home[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges[/font][font=宋体]——[/font][font=Times New Roman]Harvard[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] Yale[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] Columbia[/font][font=宋体]——[/font][font=Times New Roman]and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] in which the professor[/font][font=宋体]’[/font][font=Times New Roman]s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D.[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] graduate student learned to question[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] analyze[/font][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] and conduct their own research.[/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#29384e][font=宋体][size=10.5pt] [/size][/font][size=10.5pt]At the same time[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] breaking completely out of the old[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] constricted curriculum of mathematics[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] classics[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] rhetoric[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] architects[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] agriculturalists[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] social welfare workers[/size][font=宋体][size=10.5pt]，[/size][/font][size=10.5pt] and teachers[/size][/color]
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