In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue（烤肉）restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips.
Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.
Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise（特许经营）other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches（拱门）.
Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.
1. This passage mainly talks about.
A） the development of fast food services B） how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business
C） the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald
D） Ray Kroc's business talent
2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except.
A） a drive-in B） a cinema C） a theater D） a barbecue restaurant
3. We may infer from this passage that.
A）Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc
B）The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in
C）Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants
D） Ray Kroc was a good businessman
4. The passage suggests that.
A） creativity is an important element of business success
B） Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers
C） Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc
D） California is the best place to go into business
5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans.
A）special B）financial C ）attractive D）peculiar
Passage2
You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University?
More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week.
Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors（骗子）; another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people.
To avoid outright（彻底的）lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow.
If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony（假的）diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.
6. The main idea of this passage is that.
A） employers are checking more closely on applicants now
B） lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem
C） college degrees can now be purchased easily
D） employers are no longer interested in college degrees
7. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where.
A） students attend a school only part-time
B） students never attended a school they listed on their application
C） students purchase false degrees from commercial films
D） students attended a famous school
8. We can infer from the passage that.
A） performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree
B） experience is the best teacher
C） past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do
D） a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition
9. This passage implies that.
A） buying a false degree is not moral
B） personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools
C） most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school
D） society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications
10. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means.
A）address B）thorough C）ultimate D）decisive
Passage 3
Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault （断层）, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?
Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur（硫磺）to filter upward.
The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards.Few people were killed in the New Marid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks wer stopped in Washington, D.C. Scientists now know that America's two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches （倾斜） forward.
The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some points, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger （触发） earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeastArkansas through Missouri and into southern lllinois.
Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say have no method of predictingwhen a large earthquake will occur.
11. This passage is mainly about.
A）the New Madrid fault in Missouri B）the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults
C）the causes of faults D）current scientific knowledge about faults
12. The New Madrid fault is.
A） a horizontal fault
B） a vertical fault
C） a more serious fault than the San Andreas fault
D） responsible for forming the Mississippi River
13. We may conclude from the passage that.
A） it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in California
B） the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in Missouri
C） California will become an island in future
D） A big earthquake will occur to California soon
14. This passage implies that.
A） horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults.
B） Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faults
C） Earthquakes occur only around fault areas
D） California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake
15. As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word essentially means.
Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.
Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs （粘膜炎） and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy （中风）. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.
The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic （滑稽的） press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.
A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.
16. All boys and girls in large families know that.
A） a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together
B） people tend to be together more than they used to be
C） a lot of people being together makes fights likely
D） Railway leads the world to peace
17. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except.
A） the railway enables people travel fast
B） the railway brings comfort to people
C） the railway makes the world peaceful
D） the railway leads the world to war as well.
18. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but.
A） tunnels are dangerous to public health
B） the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves
C） the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs
D） to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die
19. We may safely conclude that.
A） the author belongs to the anti-railway group
B） the author belongs to the for-railway group
C） the author speaks highly of the railway
D） the author may never take train because of its potential dangers
In 1960-1961, Chad （乍得） harvested 9800 tons of cotton seed for the first time in its history, and put out the flag a little too soon. The efforts of the authorities to get the peasants back to work, as they had slacked off （松懈） a great deal the previous year during independence celebrations, largely contributed to it. Also, rains were well spaced, and continued through the whole month of October. If the 1961-1962 total is back to the region of 45000 tons, it is mostly because efforts slackened again and sowing was started too late.
The average date of sowing is about July 1st. If this date is simply moved up fifteen or twenty days, 30000 to 60000 tons of cotton are gained, depending on the year. The peasant in Chad sows his millet （小米） first, and it is hard to criticize this instinctive priority given to his daily bread. An essential reason for his lateness with sowing cotton is that at the time when he should leave to prepare the fields he has just barely sold the cotton of the previous season. The work required to sow, in great heat, is psychologically far more difficult if one's pockets are full of money. The date of cotton sales should therefore be moved forward as much as possible, and purchases of equipment and draught animals encouraged.
Peasants should also be encouraged to save money, to help them through the difficult period between harvests. If necessary they should be forced to do so, by having the payments for cotton given to them in installments （分期付款）. The last payment would be made after proof that the peasant has planted before the deadline, the date being advanced to the end of June. Those who have done so would receive extra money whereas the last planters would not receive their last payment until later.
Only the first steps are hard, because once work has started the peasants continue willingly on their way. Educational campaigns among the peasants will play an essential role in this basic advance, early sowing, on which all the others depend. It is not a matter of controlling the peasants. Each peasant will remain master of his fields. One could, however, suggest the need for the time being of kind but firm rule, which, as long as it cannot be realized by the people, should at least be for the people.
21. In 1960-1961, Chad had a good harvest of cotton because.
A） the government greatly encouraged peasants
B） rains favored the growth of cotton
C） Chad gained independence in the previous year
D） Both A）and B）
22. We learn from the passage that the date of sowing cotton is usually.
A） on June 15th B） on July 15th C） on July 1st D） on July 20th
23. As used in the third sentence of the second paragraph,daily breadrefers to.
A） breakfast B）bread and butter C）rice D）millet
24. In order to help them through the difficult time between harvests the peasants have to.
A） sell cotton in advance B） be encouraged to save money
C） sow cotton in time D） plant millet first
25. Which of the following is NOT true?
A） Educational campaigns are very important to early sowing.
B） Of all the advances that the writer hopes for, early sowing is the most important.
C） Peasants should remain the masters of their fields.
D） Government might as well make good and firm rule for peasants.
We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen? When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck? And Paul-why didn't pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car? When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late.
Why do we go wrong about our friends-or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don't really listen we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, You're a lucky dog. That's being friendly. But lucky dog? There's a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn't see it himself. But bringing in the dog bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that the doesn't think you deserve your luck.
Just think of all the things you have to be thankful foris another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn't important. It's telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't got a date for Saturday night.
How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says agree with the tone of voice? His posture（姿态）? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people to you may save another mistake.
26. This passage is mainly about .
A）how to interpret what people say
B）what to do when you listen to others talking
C）how to avoid mistakes when you communicate with people
D）Why we go wrong with people sometimes
27. According to the author, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that .
A）We fail to listen carefully when they talk
B） People tend to be annoyed when we check what they say
C）People usually state one thing but means another
D）We tend to doubt what our friends say
28. In the sentence Maybe he doesn't see it himself. in the second paragraph, the pronoun it refers to.
A） being friendly C） lucky dog B） a bit of envy D） your luck
29. When we listen to a person talking, the most important thing for us to do is .
A）notice the way the person is talking
B）take a good look at the person talking
C）mind his tone, his posture and the look in his eyes
D）examine the real meaning of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture
30. The author most probably is a .
A） teacher C） philosopher B） psychologist D） doctor
Passage 7
A moment's drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand theneedle- a shot of novocaine （奴佛卡因）-that deadens the nerves around the tooth.
Now it's true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves - and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves - we wouldn't know what's happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.
But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir（行僧）who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain. This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.
The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, This will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation（感觉）, we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.
31. The passage is mainly about .
A） how to suffer pain B） how to avoid pain
C） how to handle pain D） how to stop pain
32. The sentence But we pay for our sensitivity. in the second paragraph implies that .
A）we should pay a debt for our feeling
B）we have to be hurt when we feel something
C）our pain is worth feeling
D）when we feel pain, we are suffering it
33. When the author mentions the Indian fakir, he suggests that .
A）Indians are not at all afraid of pain
B）people may be senseless of pain
C）some people are able to handle pain
D）fakirs have magic to put needles right through their arms
34. the most important thing to handle pain is .
A） how we look at pain B） to feel pain as much as possible
C） to show an interest in pain D） to accept the pain reluctantly
Thirty-two people watched kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this in gunman cruelty? Was it lack of feeling about one's fellow man?
Not so, say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn't act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency.
Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk. Is he having a heart attack? Is he in a coma （昏迷） from diabetes（糖尿病）? Or is he about to sleep off a drunk?
Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is itsteam pipes? Or is it really smoke from a fire? It's not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won't get the help he needs.
The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to betested. Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on thetests. Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided thetesting roomand the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder.
Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped.
In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn't. They do not feel any direct responsibility.
Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person's trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with.
36. The purpose of this passage is .
A） to explain why people fail to act in emergencies
B） to explain when people wil act in emergencies
C） to explain what people will do in emergencies
D） to explain how people feel in emergencies
37. Which of the following is NOT true?
A） When a person tries to help others, he must be clear that there is a real emergency.
B） When a person tries to help others, he should know whether hey are worth his help.
C） A person must take the full responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants to help.
D） A person with a heart attack needs the most.
38. The researchers have conducted an experiment to prove that people will act in emergencies when .
A） they are in pairs B） they are in groups
C） they are alone D） they are with their friends
39. The main reason why people fail to act when they stay together is that .
A） they are afraid of emergencies
B） they are reluctant to get themselves involved
C） others will act if they themselves hesitate
D） they do not have any direct responsibility for those who need help
40. The author suggests that .
A） we shouldn't blame a person if he fails to act in emergencies
B） a person must feel guilty if he fails to help
C） people should be responsible for themselves in emergencies
D） when you are in trouble, people will help you anyway
Passage 9
People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem.
First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam's bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.
Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle. he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.
Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time. he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. after studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.
Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum（口香糖）between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels.
Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem.
41. What is the best title for this passage?
A） Six Stages for Repairing Sam's Bicycle
B） Possible Ways to Problem-solving
C） Necessities of Problem Analysis
D） Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem
42. In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except .
A） recognize and define the problem
B） look for information to make the problem clearer
C） have suggestions for a possible solution
D） find a solution by trial or mistake
43. By referring to Sam's broken bicycle, the author intends to .
A） illustrate the ways to repair his bicycle
B） discuss the problems of his bicycle
C） tell us how to solve a problem
D） show us how to analyses a problem
44. Which of the following is NOT true?
A） People do not analyze the problem they meet.
B） People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.
C） People may learn from their past experience
D） People can not solve some problems they meet.
45. As used in the last sentence, the phrase in short means .
A） in the long run B） in detail C） in a word D） in the end
Passage 10
The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem.
As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. Therefore, even with today's relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs.
For one thing, more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. A large number of poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age.
Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation（动力）. they have family problems, or they do notbelieve that they can find a job.
Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.
At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways.
First, if the national economy grows, businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment. Then they will no longer be below the poverty line.
Second, if society invests in the poor, the poor will become more productive. If the government spends money on social programs, education, and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer. Then it is more likely that they can find jobs.
Finally, if the government distributes society's income differently, it raises some poor people above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare. In 1975 over 18 million people in the United States received welfare.
Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem. However, at the present time, many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living.
46. The author's main purpose to write this article is .
A） to define what the poverty line is
B） to explain why some people live the poverty line
C） to find solutions to the problem of poverty
D） to show sympathy for those poor people
47. Which of the following is NOT true?
A） Ten percent of the Americans live a poor life.
B） Poor people are those who love below the poverty line.
C） The poverty line rises as the general standard of living rises.
D） The poverty line tends to be at the same level.
48. More than 40 percent of the poor people are children. This is mainly because .
A） they do not have enough motivation
B） they are so young that they are deprived of chances to work
C） they fail to get enough education
D） they are very poor in health
49. Most of the American poor people are not qualified for employment because .
A） they to not have any motivation to work
B） they are not very self-confident
C） they are too young or too old to work
D） they have physical and family problems
50. We may conclude from the passage that .
A） better solutions to the poverty problem are not yet found
B） welfare will enable people to be rich
C） poor people are bound to go out of the poverty line if they have chances to do business
D） employment is the best solution to the poverty problem
Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening.
Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams.
Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life.
People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams.
Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They include events and feelings that he has experienced. Most dreams are related to events of the day before the dream and strong wishes of the dreamer. Many minor incidents of the hours before sleep appear in dreams. Few events more than two days old turn up. Deep wishes or fears - especially those held since childhood- often appear in dreams, and many dreams fulfil such wishes. Events in the sleeper's surrounding- a loud noise, for example, may become part of a dream, but they do not cause dreams.
Some dreams involve deep feelings that a person may not realize he has. Psychiatrists（精神病医生）often use material from a patient's dreams to help the person understand himself better.
Dreaming may help maintain good learning ability, memory, and emotional adjustment. People who get plenty of sleep-but are awakened each time they begin to dream- become anxious and restless.
51. This passage is mainly about .
A）why we dream during sleep B）how we dream during sleep
C）what dreams are D）what benefits dreams bring to people
52. According to the passage, dreams result from .
A）Dream is a confusing story which involves little logic thought.
B）Dream is related to the dreamer's real life.
C）Dream is an imaginary store which seems real while taking place.
D）Dream involves events that always happen in real life.
54. This passage suggests that psychiatrists are .
A） trying to help the dreamer recall his earlier dreams.
B） trying to make the sleeper dream logically.
C） studying the benefits of dreams.
D） helping the sleeper fulfill his dreams
55. We may infer form the passage that dreaming .
A） is beneficial to people B） disturbs people's life
C） makes people always restless D） deprives people of a good sleep
Passage 12
According to psychologists（心理学家）, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When a person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. if the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world. it can be created by a person's thoughts.
Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only learns his emotions but learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion.
Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear,despair, sadness, and disgust. in growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy.
Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. in order to feel happy, the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion.
Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.
56. We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something .
A）one thinks bad or good B）one feels in danger
C）one faces in the outside world D）one tries to escape from real life
57. Which of the following is NOT true?
A）Children learn emotions as they grow up.
B）Babies are born with emotions.
C）Emotions fall into two types in general.
D）People can cope with the negative emotions in life.
58. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to .
A） explain why people have emotions
B） show how people avoid the negative emotions
C） explain what people should do before emotions
D） define and classify people's emotions
59. We can safely conclude that a student may fail in an exam if .
A） he can not think properly B） he can't pay attention to it
C） he can't pay attention to it D） he is not full of energy
60. As used in the last sentence, the word drains means .
A） stops B） ties C） weakens D） flows gradually
Passage 13
Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child-or even an animal, such as a pigeon-can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.
We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone's personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone's personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. if you were asked to describe what anice facelooked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe anice person,you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm,and so forth.
There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon all ports, an American psychologist, found nearly 18 000 English words characterizing differences in people's behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types-people are described with such terms.
People have always tried totypeeach other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain's（坏人）or the hero's role. In fact, the wordspersonandpersonalitycome from the Latin persona, meaningmask.Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell thegood guysfrom thebad guysbecause the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.
61. The main idea of this passage is .
A）how to distinguish people's faces
B）how to describe people's personality
C）how to distinguish people both inward and outward
A） Different people may have different personalities.
B） People differ from each in appearance.
C） People can learn to recognize faces.
D） People can describe all the features of others.
64. The reason why it is easier to describe a person's personality in words than his face is that .
A） a person's face is more complex than his personality
B） a person's personality is easily distinguished
C） people's personalities are very alike
D） many words are available when people try to describe one's personality
65. We learn from the passage that people classify a person into certain type according to .
A） his way of acting and thinking
B） his way of speaking and behaving
C） his learning and behavior
D） his physical appearance and his personality
Passage 14
Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. it may be a game of some kind football, hockey（曲棍球）, golf, of tennis, it may be mountaineering.
Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.
Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there re for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods. If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a'team game'. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no'matches'between'teams'of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork.
The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.
A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is no unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.
66. Mountaineering is a sport which involves .
A） hardship C） physical risk B） cold D） all of the above
67. The main difference between a sport and a game lies in .
A） uniform C） rules B） activity D） skills
68. Mountaineering is also a team sport because .
A）it involves rules
B）it involves matches between teams
C）it requires mental and physical qualities
D）mountaineers depend on each other while climbing
69. Which of the following is NOT true?
A） Mountaineers compete against each other.
B） Mountaineers compete against other teams.
C） Mountaineers compete against nature.
D） Mountaineers compete against international standard.
70. What is the best title for the passage?
A） Mountaineering
B） Mountain Climbers
C） Mountaineering is Different from Golf and Football
D） Mountaineering Is More Dangerous Than Other Sports
Passage 15
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority （优先）it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely toplay safe. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience:This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation（动力）to seek improvement.
71. Teachers are different in their opinions about .
A） the necessity of teaching spelling
B） the role of spelling in general language development
C） the way of teaching spelling
D） the complexities of the basic writing skills
72. As used in the second paragraph, the expressionplay safemost probably means .
A）to spell correctly B）to write smoothly
C）to avoid using words one is not sure of D）to use dictionaries frequently
73. Teachers encourage the students to use dictionaries so that .
A）students will be able to write more freely B）students will be more skillful in writing
C）students will be more confident in writing D）students will be independent enough
74. The author's tone is .
A） ironic C） satirical B） practical D） critical
75. This passage mainly discusses .
A）the necessity of spelling
B）the role of developing writing skills
C）the complexities of spelling
D）the relationship between spelling and the content of writing
Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches.
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.
At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.
At first, tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess （公爵夫人） found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o'clock stopped her gettinga sinking feelingas she called it. She invited her friends to have this new meal with her and so, tea-time was born.
76. Which of the following is true of the introduction of tea into Britain?
A）The Britons got expensive tea from India.
B）Tea reached Britain from Holland.
C）The Britons were the first people in Europe who drank tea.
D）It was not until the 17th century that the Britons had tea.
77. This passage mainly discusses .
A）the history of tea drinking in Britain
B） how tea became a popular drink in Britain
C）how the Britons got the habit of drinking tea
D）how tea-time was born
78. Tea became a popular drink in Britain .
A）in eighteenth century B）in sixteenth century
C）in seventeenth century D）in the late seventeenth century
79. People in Europe began to drink tea with milk because .
A）it tasted like milk
B） it tasted more pleasant
C）it became a popular drink
D）Madame de Sevinge was such a lady with great social influence that people tried to copy the way she drank tea
80. We may infer from the passage that the habit of drinking tea in Britain was mostly due to the influence of .
A）a famous French lady B）the ancient Chinese
C）the upper social class D）people in Holland
Passage 17
A mysteriousblack cloudapproaches the earth-our planet's weather is severely affected.
Throughout the rest of June and July temperatures rose steadily all over the Earth. In the British isles the temperature climbed through the eighties, into the nineties, and moved towards the hundred mark. People complained, but there was no serious disaster.
The death number in the U. S. Remained quite small, thanks largely to the air-conditioning units that had been fitted during previous years and months. Temperatures rose to the limit of human endurance throughout the whole country and people were obliged to remain indoors for weeks on end. Occasionally air-conditioning units failed and it was then that fatalities occurred.
Conditions were utterly desperate throughout the tropics（热带地区）as may be judged from the fact that 7943 species of plants and animals became totally extinct. The survival of Man himself was only possible because of the caves and cellars（地窖）he was able to dig. Nothing could be done to reduce the hot air temperature. More than seven hundred million persons are known to have lost their lives.
Eventually the temperature of the surface waters of the sea rose, not so fast as the air temperature it is true, but fast enough to produce a dangerous increase of humidity（湿度）. It was indeed this increase that produced the disastrous conditions just remarked. Millions of people between the latitudes of Cairo and the Cape of Good Hope were subjected to a choking atmosphere that grew damper and hotter from day to day. All human movement ceased. There was nothing to be done but to lie breathing quickly as a dog does in hot weather.
By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics lay balanced between life and total death. Then quite suddenly rain clouds appeared over the whole globe. The temperature declined a little, due no doubt to the clouds reflecting more of the Sun's radiation back into space, But conditions could not be said to have improved. Warm rain fell everywhere, even as far north as Iceland. The insect population increased enormously, since the burning hot atmosphere was as favorable to them as it was unfavorable to Man many other animals.
81. In the British Isles the temperature .
A）stayed at eighty B）ranged from eighty to ninety
C）approached one hundred D）exceeded the hundred mark
82. Few people in the United States lost their lives because .
A）the temperature was tolerable
B）people remained indoors for weeks
C）the government had taken effective measures to reduce the hot temperature
D）people were provided with the most comfortable air-conditioners
83. Millions of people in Cairo（开罗）and the Cape of Good Hope（好望角）were subjected to a choking atmosphere because .
A）the temperature grew extremely hot
B）the temperature became damper and hotter as the humidity of the surface waters of the sea increased
C）their conditions were too dangerous
D）nothing could be done with the hot temperature
84. By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics were such that .
A）human survival would be impossible
B）more and more people would lose their lives
C）fewer people could be saved
D）survival or death was still undecided
85. The insect population increased due to .
A）the hot air B） the tropical climate C）the rain clouds D）the damp atmosphere
Passage 18
In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the battle of the sexes.
If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important - and that has happened in some cases-we are as badly of as before, only in reverse.
It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired ofmonism（母亲崇拜）, - but we don't want to exchange it for aneo-popism（新父亲崇拜）.What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals.
There are signs that psychatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit（信任）-not all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is the home. We are beginning, however, o analyze men's place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.
The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.
Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is connected not only with a healthy democracy, but also with a healthy family.
86. From the passage we know that the author is very concerned with the role that .
A）parents play in bringing up their children
B）men play in a family
C）women play in a family
D）equality plays in a family
87. The author means to tell us that .
A）a man's place is in the home
B）a woman's place is in the home
C）a woman should be equal to a man
D）a man should have an equal share in family matters
88. According to the author, a healthy family should be based on .
89. Who will benefit most from a family pattern of sharing in tasks and decisions?
A）The children. B） The man. C）The woman D） The psychologist.
90. We may safely conclude from the passage that .
A）male superiority maintains a healthy family
B）authority and democracy are very essential to a healthy family
C）authoritarianism does no good to a healthy family
D）women should be equal to men
Passage 19
I don't think there is anything wrong with your blood. The key to your problem is that long nap（打盹,小睡）after dinner. If you didn't sleep for hours during the early part of the evening, you would be more ready to sleep at bedtime. If you didn't nap after dinner, you would not want to stay up so late, and you would not feel the need to take a sleeping pill. The pill is still working in your system when you get up in the morning. This helps account for the fact that you feel tired all day. You should get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening. Right after your evening meal, engage in some sort of physical activity - a sport such as bowling, perhaps. Or get together with friends for an evening of cards and conversation. Then go to bed at your usual time or a little earlier, and you should be able to get a good nights rest without taking a pill.
If you can get into the habit of spending your evenings this way, I am sure you will feel less tired during the day. At first it may be hard for you to go to sleep without taking a pill. If so, get up and watch television or do some jobs around your house until you feel sleepy. If you fall asleep and then wake up a few hours later, get up but do not take a sleeping pill. Read a while or listen to the radio, and make yourself a few hours'sleep that night, you will feel better in the morning than you usually feel after taking a pill. The next night you will be ready to sleep at an earlier hour.
The most important thing is to avoid taking that nap right after dinner and avoid taking pills.
91. According to the writer, it is difficult for you to go to sleep because .
A）you get the habit of staying up late
B）you haven't taken sleeping pills
C）you sleep for hours after dinner
D）you fail to do some exercises
92. Which of the following is NOT true if you want to get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening?
A）Go to bed earlier than usual. B） Talk with friends after dinner.
C）Stay with friends after dinner. D）Do some physical labor.
93. You feel tired all day probably because .
A）you stay up too late B）you get up too early in the morning
C）you take sleeping pills D）you wake up too frequently at night
94. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A）You mustn't take sleeping pills in order to get a good night's sleep.
B）You should stay up if you want to sleep effectively.
C）Food is necessary at night if you fail to go to sleep.
D）It is very important to get out of the habit of taking a nap after dinner.
95. We may infer that the author is most probably a .
A） doctor B） scientist C） reporter D） professor
Passage 20
Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date?
Many people are afraid to assert（表现）themselves. Dr.Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it's because their self-respect is low.Our whole set up（体制）is designed to make people distrust themselves,says Alberti.There's always'superior'around–a parent, a teacher, a boss-who'knows better'. There superiors often gain when they chip（削弱）away at your self-image.
But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people assert themselves. They offerassertiveness trainingcourses–AT for short. In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more active without hurting other people.
In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an At course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But At uses an even stronger motive-the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how the feels.
Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. If someone you face is moreimportantthan you, you may feel less of a person. You start to doubt your own good sense.
You go by the other person's demand. But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.
96. As used the first line, the phrasetalk backmeans .
A）persuade somebody to change his mind B）answer showing disagreement
C）talk and go back D）fight bravely
97. The passage mainly discusses the problem that .
A）people are easily cheated when they buy something
B）people are afraid to speak for themselves
C）some people think too low of the themselves
D）some people are afraid of superiors
98. We may infer from the passage that the author's attitude towards the whole set up is .
A）positive B）negative C）hostile D）appreciative
99. One thing thatAssertiveness Trainingdoes not do is .
A）help people overcome fear
B）show people they have a right to be themselves
C）help people to assert themselves even if others suffer
D）help people to feel good about themselves
100. A best title for this passage is .
A）Assertiveness Training B）Development of Self-respect
C）The Importance of Self-image D）How to Feel Good About Yourself
