辅导：阅读词汇附中英文注释（三） 注释, 附中, 词汇, 英文, 辅导

幽幽草

surging—— To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating
    surpass—— To be or go beyond， as in degree or quality； exceed胜过=exceed， outrun
    sustain—— To keep in existence； maintain继续生存；维持=maintain
    sustenance—— Something， especially food， that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink； diet食物和饮料
    Means of livelihood生计=livelihood
    supplement——Something added to complete a thing， make up for a deficiency， or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension
    An addition that increases the area， influence， operation， or contents of something扩大
    supreme——Greatest in importance， degree， significance， character， or achievement最重要的=outstanding
    succinct——Characterized by clear， precise expression in few words； concise and terse简明的=concise
    sufficient——Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate
    sumptuous——Of a size or splendor suggesting great expense； lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious
    substantial——Considerable in importance， value， degree， amount， or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy of consideration； significant重要的
    substitute——One that takes the place of another； a replacement代用品=replacement， in place of代替
    subsidize——To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金
    subtle——So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze； elusive纤细的，细小的=slight
    submit——提出，提交=present提出；呈递
    subsidy——Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金
    subject to ——在……条件下；易受……的侵袭；受控制=expose to， susceptible to
    stretch——A continuous or unbroken length， area， or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities， as of a bridge or roof； the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间
    strike——To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout
    To come to； attain来到；到达= make contact with
    striking—— Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable； conspicuous显眼的
    stringent—— Imposing rigorous standards of performance； severe严格的=strict
    stimulus—— Something that incites or rouses to action； an incentive激发物=motivate
    strain ——To pull， draw， or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧
    stationary—— Not capable of being moved； fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed， immobile
    status——Position relative to that of others； standing地位=standing
    sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface； adhesive粘的=adhere， cement
    staple—— A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element
    squirt—— To issue forth in a thin forceful stream or jet； spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出
    staggering—— Causing great astonishment， amazement， or dismay； overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming
    spur—— To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate
    speculate about—— To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设
    spinal——Of， relating to， or situated near the spine or spinal cord； vertebral脊柱的=backbone
    spark—— To set in motion； activate发动；触发=bring about引起；致使；造成；达成
    spawn—— To give rise to； engender造成；使产生=create
    solemn—— Deeply earnest， serious， and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious
    slope——declivity A downward slope， as of a hill斜坡
    smother—— To suffocate （another）使窒息=eliminate To get rid of； remove消灭；消除
    snap—— To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break
    signify—— To denote； mean表示…的意思=denote
    simultaneously——同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的；合作的
    skepticism—— A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind； dubiety怀疑态度=doubt
    shield—— To protect or defend with or as if with a shield； guard保护、防卫=protect
    secrete—— To conceal in a hiding place； cache躲藏=produce？？

幽幽草

adjust—— To change so as to match or fit； cause to correspond修改=alter To adjust （a garment） for a better fit修改
    adjoining—— Neighboring； contiguous接临的=neighboring
    adaptation—— Something， such as a device or mechanism， that is changed or changes so as to become suitable to a new or special application or situation改装=modification
    acute—— Extremely sharp or severe； intense强烈的=intense
    Keenly perceptive or discerning； penetrating聪明的=sharp
    accustomed—— Being in the habit of习惯的=used to
    accumulate—— To gather or pile up； amass收集，堆集；积累=collect
    accompany—— To be or go with as a companion陪伴=travel with
    accompaniment—— Something， such as a situation， that accompanies something else； a concomitant伴随状况伴随发生的事物=attendant An accompanying thing or circumstance； a concomitant伴随物伴随的事物或情况；伴随物
    accommodate—— To provide for； supply with提供住处；供应=lodge To provide with temporary quarters， especially for sleeping提供住处
    acclaimed—— To be praised enthusiastically and often publicly； applauded喝彩地，赞赏地=praised
    accelerate—— To cause to develop or progress more quickly使加快=increased
    abundance—— Fullness to overflowing丰富=profusion The state of being profuse； abundance丰富
    absurd—— Ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable荒诞的，荒唐的=preposterous Contrary to nature， reason， or common sense； absurd荒谬的
    abandon—— To give up by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit， especially as a result of danger or other impending threat离弃=give up
    awareness——shavingsknowledge or cognizance意识到的或认识到的=realization
    available—— Present and ready for use； at hand； accessible可用的现实可用的；手边的；可获得的=accessible
    attribute—— A quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to someone or something品质、属性=characteristic， trait
    attire—— Clothing or array； apparel服装、盛装；服饰=clothing
    attach—— To fasten， secure， or join系，贴或连接=fasten， stick to
    assortment—— A collection of various kinds； a variety多种多样=variety
    astonishing —— Filling with sudden wonder or amazement惊奇的，奇怪的=startling
    astounding-To be astonishing and bewildering震惊极为惊讶和迷惑不解=surprising
    assemble—— To bring or call togethersintosasgroupsor whole召集集合=gathering
    ascend—— To slope upward爬坡倾斜而上=climb of
    ascribe to——assume to be true
    arduous—— Demanding great effort or labor； difficult困难的=difficult，
    Testing severely the powers of endurance； strenuous艰苦的=strenuous Requiring great effort， energy， or exertion艰巨的
    arid—— Lacking moisture， especiallyshavingsinsufficient rainfall to support trees or woody plants干旱的缺乏水分=dry
    aptly—— Exactly suitable； appropriately合适的=appropriately
    approach—— To come near or nearer， as in space or time接近靠近=near
    appeal—— The power of attracting or of arousing interest吸引力=attraction
    apart from—— With the exception of； besides除…外；除…外还=except for
    anonymous——shavingsan unknown or unacknowledged name匿名的=unknown
    annually—— Recurring， done， or performed every year； yearly每年的=yearly
    annihilate—— To defeat decisively； vanquish战胜=conquer To defeat or subdue by force， especially by force of arms征服
    alloy—— To combine； mix融合；混合=blend， mix
    altitude—— The height of a thing above a reference level， especially above sea level or above the earth's surface高度=elevation
    affluent—— Generously supplied with money， property， or possessions； prosperous or rich富裕的=wealthy
    afflict—— To inflict grievous physical or mental suffering on折磨=problem
    affect—— To have or show a liking for喜欢=fondness
    aesthetically—— Artistically有艺术的，在艺术上的=artistically
    adverse—— Acting or serving to oppose； antagonistic敌对的=oppose， ill
    adversely—— harmfully or unfavorable有害的或不利的=negatively Marked by or exhibiting features， such as hostility， that cannot be deemed positive or constructive反面的
    advocate—— One that argues for a cause； a supporter or defender支持者或保护者=proponent To speak， plead， or argue in favor of拥护演说=urge， preach
    adorn—— To lend beauty to； decorate使美观为…增添美；装饰=decorate
    adopt—— To take on or assume采取采用或接受=take on
    brilliance—— The state or quality of being brilliant光辉=radiant
    boundary—— Something that indicates a border or limit边界=dividing line
    breach—— A violation or infraction， as of a law， a legal obligation， or a promise破坏，违犯=violation
    boost—— To increase； raise增加；拔高；To raise or lift by pushing up from behind or below推、举=raise
    blend—— To combine （varieties or grades） to obtain a mixture of a particular character， quality， or consistency把…掺在一起混合=combine， mix
    bizarre—— Strikingly unconventional and far-fetched in style or appearance； odd古怪的=odd
    bias—— A preference or an inclination， especially one that inhibits impartial judgment偏见=prejudice

beam—— A ray or shaft of light光柱，光束=ray
    be characterized by——distinguish
    barren—— Lacking vegetation， especially useful vegetation不毛的=infertile
    balmy—— Mild and pleasant温和的=mild
    comprise—— To consist of； be composed of由…构成=consist of ，make up
    conception—— Something conceived in the mind； a concept， plan， design， idea， or thought概念、计划、设计或思想=notion A mental image or representation； an idea or conception心理形象或象征；想法或构思
    composed of ——To create or produce （a literary or musical piece）创作或制作=create
    component—— A constituent element， as of a system组成要素=element， part
    comparable—— Similar or equivalent相似或相当=similar
    compile—— To put together or compose from materials gathered from several sources汇编=put together
    community—— Society as a whole； the public作为整体的社会；大众。Asgroupsof plants and animals living and interacting with one another in a specific region under relatively similar environmental conditions共生动物群的一群植物和动物=settlement， society
    commodity—— Something useful that can be turned to commercial or other advantage商品=goods
    coincide—— To happen at the same time or during the same period同时发生=occur at the same time
    cohesion—— The act， process， or condition of cohering结合=unity The combination or arrangement of partssintosa whole； unification统一
    cluster—— To gather or growsintosbunches丛生=concentrate
    classify—— To arrange or organize according to class or category分类=categorize
    cling to —— v.依附，依靠，坚持=stick to
    cite —— To mention or bring forward as support， illustration， or proof引证把…作为支持、说明或证明而提及或提出=mention
    check ——monitor To check the quality or content of （an electronic audio or visual signal） by means of a receiver监听，收听；To check by means of an electronic receiver for significant content， such as military， political， or illegal activity窃听
    celestial—— Of or relating to the sky or the heavens天空的=astronomical
    cease—— To put an end to； discontinue使…停止；中止=stop
    capability—— The quality of being capable； ability能力=ability
    cumbersome —— Troublesome or onerous麻烦的=burdensome
    crisscross—— To move back and forth through or over交叉移动move back and forth
    crawl—— To move slowly on the hands and knees or by dragging the body along the ground； creep爬行=creep
    counterpart—— A copy or duplicate of a legal paper复制品=version An adaptation of a work of art or literaturesintosanother medium or style版本
    counteract—— To oppose and mitigate the effects of by contrary action； check抵制，抵消=negate
    core —— The basic or most important part； the essence核心，本质=center
    conventional—— Conforming to established practice or accepted standards； traditional传统的=traditional
    contribute to —— v.捐献=donate To present as a gift to a fund or cause； contribute捐赠
    consumption——The act or process of consuming消耗=eating
    constrain——To keep within close bounds； confine限制=bound To set a limit to； confine限制
    constitute——To found （an institution， for example）创建=make up
    constituent——Serving as part of a whole； component组成的=component
    constantly——Continually occurring； persistently持续的=continuously
    conspicuous——Attracting attention， as by being unusual or remarkable； noticeable值得注意的=noticeable
    consort with ——v.陪伴=associate To keep company陪伴
    conserve——To protect from loss or harm； preserve保存，保护=retain vt.留住；保住
    consequence——Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition结果=result
    conjecture——A statement， an opinion， or a conclusion based on guesswork猜想=based on guessing
    congestion——To be overfilled or overcrowded堵塞=overcrowded， crowded
    conflicting——To be opposing； different对立的，不同的=opposing， contrary
    confront——To come face to face with， especially with defiance or hostility面对与…面对面的=face To confront with complete awareness面对
    confine to ——To keep within bounds； restrict限制=limit， cramp Restrict； narrow受限制
    confederacy——A union of persons， parties， or states； a league联盟=ally One that is allied with another， especially by treaty同盟者
    conceal——To keep from being seen， found， observed， or discovered； hide隐藏=hide
    dramatically——Arresting or forceful in appearance or effect引人注目的=striking
    durable——Lasting； stable持久的；稳定的=lasting
    domains——[计]域=fields
    domestic——Tame or domesticated. Used of animals驯养的=tame
    dominate——To enjoy a commanding， controlling position in占支配地位=be prevalent in
    divergence——Difference， as of opinion意见分歧difference
    diverse——Made up of distinct characteristics， qualities， or elements多种多样的=various
    dogma——An authoritative principle， belief， or statement of ideas or opinion， especially one considered to be absolutely true信条=belief
    distinction——The condition or fact of being dissimilar or distinct； difference差别=difference

distinct——Readily distinguishable from all others； discrete有区别的，不同的=different， separate， definite
    dispute——To argue about； debate就…进行争论=argument， disagreement
    disseminate——To spread abroad； promulgate散布=spread， distribute
    disposal——The act or process of getting rid of something除掉=get rid of
    discrete——Constituting a separate thing； distinct分离的=separate Existing as an independent entity单独的
    discard——To throw away； reject丢弃，抛弃=get rid of
    diffuse——To become widely dispersed； spread out散布=travel To be transmitted， as light or sound； move or pass传送
    differentiate——To constitute the distinction between区分=distinguish To perceive as being different or distinct区分
    dictate——To prescribe with authority； impose命令；To issue orders or commands命令=determine To reach a decision； resolve解决，决定，=prescribe To set down as a rule or guide； enjoin指定，规定
    devastate——To lay waste； destroy变成废墟，荒芜；破坏=ruin
    device——A contrivance or an invention serving a particular purpose， especially a machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks机器=instrument A device for recording， measuring， or controlling， especially such a device functioning as part of a control system仪表
    devoid of ——free of无……的，免于……的；摆脱了……的
    destruction——The act of destroying毁灭=demolition The act or process of wrecking or destroying， especially destruction by explosives.摧毁破坏
    detect——To discover or ascertain the existence， presence， or fact of查明；发现=discover， sense To become aware of； perceive感觉意识到
    detectable——Can be discovered or ascertained the existence， presence， or fact可查明；可发现apparent， measurable，sizable
    derive——To obtain or receive from a source得到=obtain，
    To issue from a source； originate起源于=stem from
    depression——An area that is sunk below its surroundings； a hollow下陷处=low
    depressed——Low in spirits； dejected情绪低落的；沮丧的=saddened
    deposit——To put or set down； place放置=place， lay
    deplete——To decrease the fullness of； use up or empty out消灭，用完或用光=exhaust， run out
    dense——Hard to penetrate； thick浓厚的=thick， heavy
    delicate——Marked by sensitivity of discrimination敏锐的=sensitive
    Easily broken or damaged脆弱的=fragile
    delicate——Considerate of the feelings of others体贴的=careful， intentionally
    deft——Quick and skillful； adroit灵巧的=skilled
    extract——To remove for separate consideration or publication； excerpt摘录=remove
    extend——To stretch or spread （something） out to greater or fullest length延伸=increase， stretch， outspread
    extensive——Large in extent， range， or amount广大的=wide， far from reaching
    exponential——Containing， involving， or expressed as an exponent指数的=rapid， increase
    exert——To bring to bear； exercise对…施加=apply To putsintosaction使用，运用，=cause
    exhibition——The act or an instance of exhibiting展览=display
    exorbitant——Exceeding all bounds， as of custom or fairness过高的，昂贵的=expensive
    expand——To increase the size， volume， quantity， or scope of； enlarge扩大=increase
    excessive——Exceeding a normal， usual， reasonable， or proper limit过量的=extreme Extending far beyond the norm过分的
    exclusion——The condition or fact of being excluded.排除或被排除的状态keep out of躲开；置身于…之外
    execution——制作=create
    exalted——Lofty； sublime； noble高的，崇高的；高贵的=superior Of great value or excellence； extraordinary价值巨大或品质优越的；突出的
    exceed——To be greater than； surpass比…更好；超过=surpass
    excel——To show superiority； surpass others胜过=be superior
    exceptional——Well above average； extraordinary杰出的=extraordinary
    exceptionally——Deviating widely from a norm， as of physical or mental ability特殊的=abnormally，
    Being an exception； uncommon例外的=extremely
    evident——Easily seen or understood； obvious显然的=apparent Readily understood； clear or obvious显然的
    evolve——To undergo gradual change； develop发展=develop
    erode——To wear （something） away by or as if by abrasion腐蚀，侵蚀=wear away
    equivalent——Equal， as in value， force， or meaning相等的=interchangeable That can be interchanged可以相互交换的
    entity——Something that exists as a particular and discrete unit实体=object Something perceptible by one or more of the senses， especially by vision or touch； a material thing物体
    enormous——Very great in size， extent， number， or degree巨大的=tremendous， huge
    emit——To give or send out matter or energy发射=give off发出，放出（蒸汽、气味等）
    employ——To put to use or service投入使用=use
    enactment——To act （something） out， as on a stage扮演=performance， pass
    emerge——To comesintosexistence发生使出现=appear， spring up
    embed——To cause to be an integral part of a surrounding whole包埋=encase To enclose in or as if in a case把…装箱
    elaborate——To become elaborate变得复杂=complicate To make or become complex or perplexing使复杂或令人困惑
    elaborately——Planned or executed with painstaking attention to numerous parts or details精心制作的=done in great detail
    fuse——To mix （constituent elements） together by or as if by melting； blend.熔合=combine
    furnish——To supply； give供应；提供=provide
    fragment——A small part broken off or detached.碎片=piece A portion or part that has been separated from a whole
    forbid——To command against the doing or use of （something）； prohibit严禁=ban
    forage——To wander in search of food or provisions搜索粮食=feed To give food to； supply with nourishment给予食物
    float——To move from place to place， especially at random漂移=drift along
    fertile——Rich in material needed to sustain plant growth肥沃的=rich Abounding， especially in natural resources肥沃的；丰富的
    faction——Asgroupsof persons forming a cohesive， usually contentious minority within a larger group小集团=side One of two or more opposing individuals， groups， teams， or sets of opinions派
    graze——To feed on （herbage） in a field or on pastureland放牧=feed
    gorgeous——Dazzlingly beautiful or magnificent耀眼的；美丽的；眩目艳丽的=magnificent， beautiful
    global——Of， relating to， or involving the entire earth； worldwide全球的=worldwide
    give way to ——让路，让步=be replaced by ，=turnsintos
    genetic——Affecting or affected by genes影响基因的或被基因影响的=heredity The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring遣传
    gap——An opening in a solid structure or surface； a cleft or breach豁口=opening A breach or an aperture缺口

幽幽草

house——A structure serving as a dwelling for one or more persons， especially for a family房屋=dwelling，
    To contain； harbor收容；隐藏=contain To have within； hold包含；容纳
    homogeneous——Uniform in structure or composition throughout同质的=uniform Unvaried in texture， color， or design均质的
    herald——To proclaim； announce公布；宣布=announce
    heritage——Something that is passed down from preceding generations； a tradition遗留物，传统=tradition
    harshness——Being extremely severe or exacting； stern严厉=acid Biting， sarcastic， or scornful尖刻的
    harness——To bring under control and direct the force of统治，管理，支配=utilize To put to use， especially to find a profitable or practical use for利用
    hail——To greet or acclaim enthusiastically喝彩=acclaim
    integrate——To makesintosa whole by bringing all parts together； unify使结合=unify
    integral——Essential or necessary for completeness； constituent必须的；应有的=essential Basic or indispensable； necessary基本的，必须的
    institution—— An established organization or foundation， especially one dedicated to education， public service， or culture机构=establishment A public or private institution， such as a hospital or school私人或公共机构
    insight——The capacity to discern the true nature of a situation； penetration洞察力=understanding The faculty by which one understands； intelligence理解力
    inspire——To affect， guide， or arouse by divine influence使受神灵的；感召的=fire the imagination of
    ingredient——An element in a mixture or compound； a constituent成份=component A constituent element， as of a system成分系统的组成要素
    inhabit—— To live or reside in居住=occupy To dwell or reside in居住
    inhabitant——One that inhabits a place， especially as a permanent resident居民=resident
    inhibit——To hold back； restrain抑制；限制=hinder To interfere with action or progress阻碍，= curb To check， restrain， or control as if with a curb； rein in抑制
    innumerable——Too numerous to be counted； numberless无数的=countless
    influx——A mass arrival or incoming汇集=arrival
    inevitably——Impossible to avoid or prevent必然的，不能规避或避免的=unavoidably
    inclination——A characteristic disposition to do， prefer， or favor one thing rather than another； a propensity爱好去做=preference The state of being preferred偏爱
    inadequate——Not adequate to fulfill a need or meet a requirement； insufficient不足的=deficient， insufficient
    impose——To apply or make prevail by or as if by authority强制实行=demand To ask for urgently or peremptorily要求迫切或专横要求
    implement——A tool or an instrument used in doing work工具=tool
    immunity——The quality or condition of being immune免除，免疫=protection
    illustrate——To provide （a publication） with explanatory or decorative features图解=picture To make a visible representation of展示
    identify——To ascertain the origin， nature， or definitive characteristics of确认=spot To detect or discern， especially visually； spy辩认
    jolt——To disturb suddenly and severely； stun震惊=shock Something that jars the mind or emotions as if with a violent， unexpected blow.震惊
    myth——A fictitious story， person， or thing传说=legend An unverified story handed down from earlier times， especially one popularly believed to be historical传说
    noxious——Harmful to living things； injurious to health有害的=harmful
    narrate——To give an account or a description叙述或描绘=recount To narrate the facts or particulars of详细叙述
    over taxed——税收过高的=heavily burdened负担沉重的
    outbreak——A sudden increase突然发生=beginning The act or process of bringing or being broughtsintosbeing； a start开端
    originate——To comesintosbeing； start出现；开始=initial， genesis， pioneer
    To bringsintosbeing； create创造=invent，
    puncture—— To pierce with a pointed object刺用带尖的物体穿透=pierce
    quaint—— Odd， especially in an old-fashioned way离奇的=odd， bizarre Strikingly unconventional and far-fetched in style or appearance； odd古怪的
    protrude—— To jut out； project突出；伸出=project To extend forward or out； jut out突出
    prospect—— Something expected； a possibility期待被期望的某物；可能性=possibility
    prosperity—— The condition of being prosperous繁荣=wealth The state of being rich； affluence富裕

proponent—— One who argues in support of something； an advocate倡导者=supporter
    property—— A characteristic trait or peculiarity， especially one serving to define or describe its possessor特性=characteristic，
    A piece of real estate地产；不动产=estate
    proper—— Characterized by appropriateness or suitability； fitting恰当的=suitable， correctly
    promising—— Likely to develop in a desirable manner有前途的；有希望的=likely Apt to achieve success or yield a desired outcome； promising有希望的
    prominent—— Widely known； eminent著名的=distinguished Characterized by excellence or distinction； eminent卓越的
    proliferation—— To grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissue， parts， cells， or offspring增生，增殖=multiply To breed or propagate繁殖或增殖
    prevail—— To be in force， use， or effect； be current正在用的，有影响的；现行的=dominate
    prevailing—— Most frequent or common； predominant普遍的；有优势的=most frequent
    primal—— Of first importance； primary最重要的；主要的=key， principal First， highest， or foremost in importance， rank， worth， or degree； chief重要的，首要的
    primarily—— Of first importance； primary最重要的；主要的=mainly For the most part； chiefly.大部分地；主要地
    prehistoric—— Of， relating to， or belonging to the era before recorded history史前的=ancient
    preservative—— Something used to preserve， especially a chemical added to foods to inhibit spoilage防腐剂=maintain To keep in an existing state； preserve or retain保持
    preside over——管理，主管=manage
    prestige—— A person's high standing among others； honor or esteem威望；尊重或敬佩=honor
    predecessor—— One who precedes another in time， especially in holding an office or a position.前任；An ancestor； a forebear祖先；祖宗=forerunner One that precedes， as in time； a predecessor前任；An ancestor； a forebear祖先；祖宗
    predominantly—— Most common or conspicuous； main or prevalent最主要的；最普通的=primarily
    precede—— To come， exist， or occur before in time.先于…=prior to ，before
    portion—— A section or quantity within a larger thing； a part of a whole部分=part
    possess—— To have as property； own持有；拥有To have as a quality， characteristic， or other attribute具有品质、特点=have
    potential——shavingspossibility， capability， or power有可能性的=possible
    pertinent——shavingslogical， precise relevance to the matter at hand有关系的=relevant
    pit—— A natural or artificial hole or cavity in the ground坑=hole
    perception—— The capacity for such insight洞察能力=insightful Showing orshavingsinsight； perceptive有洞察力的；有悟性的
    penetrate—— To enter or force a way into； pierce.穿过，刺入=go through
    patron—— A customer， especially a regular customer顾客=customer
    particle—— A very small piece or part； a tiny portion or speck一小份儿或一小点儿=speck A small spot， mark， or discoloration小斑点，小污点或小瑕疵
    pants裤子——trousers裤子
    rupture—— The process of breaking open or bursting裂开，突然炸开=burst
    rural—— Of， relating to， or characteristic of the country农村的=country
    rudimentary——Being in the earliest stages of development； incipient处于发展的最早阶段的=undeveloped， unsophisticated
    rotate——To turn around on an axis or center绕轴或中心转动=turn， swirl
    To proceed in sequence； take turns or alternate循环，交替或轮换=alternate
    robust—— Full of health and strength； vigorous健康和有力的=strong
    roam—— To move about without purpose or plan； wander漫游=wander
    rigidity—— An instance of being rigid僵化，严厉=stiffness
    revise—— To reconsider and change or modify修改，修正=change
    retrieve—— To get back； regain.重获；收复；=recover， To get back； regain.重获；收复；重新得到=bring back
    To rectify the unfavorable consequences of； remedy. See： recover
    restrict—— To keep or confine within limits限制=limit
    retain—— To maintain possession of保持=keep
    representation—— The state or condition of serving as an official delegate， agent， or spokesperson代表=delegate， stand for
    resemble—— To exhibit similarity or likeness to类似=similar
    renounce—— To reject； disown拒绝=reject To refuse to accept， submit to， believe， or make use of拒绝
    replace—— To take or fill the place of取代=supplant To displace and substitute for （another）取代，代替（另一个）
    release—— To free from something that binds， fastens， or holds back； let go松开=give off
    refreshing—— Pleasantly fresh and different新鲜宜人的，与众不同的=unusual
    reflection—— A manifestation or result显示，结果=indicate To suggest or demonstrate the necessity， expedience， or advisability of说明，显示，暗示
    receptacle—— A container that holds items or matter贮藏器=container
    recognize—— To show awareness of； approve of or appreciate赏识=appreciate
    rarefy—— To make thin， less compact， or less dense使稀薄=infrequent
    rear—— To lift upright； raise直立起；抬高=raise
    radical—— Departing markedly from the usual or customary； extreme极端的=drastic Severe or radical in nature； extreme严厉或剧烈的；极端的
    symmetrical—— Of or exhibiting symmetry对称的=proportionally balanced
    synthetic—— Produced by synthesis， especially not of natural origin.合成的=formation， integrate
    Not natural or genuine； artificial or contrived人造的，不自然的=artificial