In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now . 41) .Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42) .Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.
43) .There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44) .Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .
45) .
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .
[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .
42．本题考查寻找特征词的能力。在该题中，根据就近原则在该题后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”为特征词。“the fossils”说明“ fossils”一词是至少是第二次出现，因为它前面加了定冠词the，通过仔细观察并不难发现，42以及其前面的内容中都没有fossils，这就确定fossils一词必定出现在41，42中。根据意群相一致原则，在42中必定要与“water action”同现或复现的语言点。综上所述，只有同时满足以上两个条件的选项才是正确答案。虽然G项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式，而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用—与上下文相符合。
43．本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，这就证明在43前面的句子中应当与also后的crab-like creatures相并列，即空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．本题选择的特征词是these以及与其具有同指关系的ammonites 和They 。通过阅读44以后的两个句子不难发现，these，ammonites ，They是指同一事物，意即有“shell”的事物。同时44后一开始就有“Of these,…”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的重复，作者改变句子起始的模式—这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45．该题目是一道简单试题，一方面这是一道段落题，这就决定了有可能选最长的选项为答案，另一方面根据就近原则在下一段首句中发现的About 75 million years ago成为我们解题的关键。从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-6-8 17:31 标题: 2006年考研英语新增题型详解及制胜方略（5）
的统计数字反映的情况真实，这说明D项“没有反映出经济的真实状况”之意也不对。A项的考点是单词“exclude（排除）”和“rebound（反弹）”以及短语“business cycle（商业周期）”；B项的考点是短语“fall short of(达不到)”和单词“anticipation(预期)”;C 项的考点是单词“meet(达到)”和短语“expectation（期望）”;D项的考点是单词“fail（没能）”和“reflect（反映）”以及短语“the true state of...(……的真实状况)”。
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t －it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
［B］“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.
［C］“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
［D］“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair－too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”
［E］“The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
［F］“So I just don’t know What to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”
［G］A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation－how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
接着，我们看A到E段，哪一段像发言的起始段呢？这就要看是哪一段把讨论的话题引入。我们可以主要看每段的第一句话。我们会发现［C］段第一句话直截了当地点出话题：“I’ve got a real problem with my officers”，而且与首段的最后一句连接自然，所以我们可以判定41题空中应该填 ［C］。
［C］段的第一句话后，警长开始评价他的队员。 这一段的内容较为正面。因为警长说“有一个难题”，按逻辑顺序，下一段落应该出现转折，提出职员中存在的问题。依照这样的思路，我们在剩下 的段落中寻找，可以发现下一段选［E］连接最自然。［C］段先表扬职员对公众的事积极、热心，但是“The problem occurs when they get back to the station”(一回到警局问题就出现了)。什么问题呢？“They hate to do the paperwork…”警长说出了问题的关键——他们不喜欢写公文。警长还进一步说明了问题带来的麻烦。说明了问题，警长又是怎么去解决的呢？他的解决方式是否奏效？顺着这个思路，我们可以找出下两段的顺序是［A］项和［B］项。警长是毫无办法。难道就一点办法都没有吗？其他人是怎么看的？在［D］段中，警长提到有人建议通过胜诉记录来评价， 他们也进行过小组之间的比赛，但是没有什么效果。所以，警长殷切地希望能在研讨会上得到启发和帮助。按照这样的思路，这些段落就组成了一篇通顺、完整的文章。
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume－descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read－a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41.Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch－if only you show it.
43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
44.Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45.Never apologize:
If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?
［A］A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
［B］One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward－all in 34 words.
［C］For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
［D］An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.
［E］One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
［F］A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”
第二点，“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的文字进一步说明了。“要学会把自己的个性和成就诠释成具体的技能，世界上有至少5000种技能”(意思是，你总能找出一种自己拥有的技能)。文后的例子中只有［C］项最贴切，“例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。”
第四点，“Turn bad news into good”(将坏消息变成好消息)。这不是要让人颠倒黑白，下面解释道：“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”［A］选项就是一个正面的例子。一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇地。这似乎不大光彩，但是这位女士谈起此事时却用了另一个角度，“校长说了，如果政府的资金够的话，她第一个重聘的就是我”，字里行间洋溢着自信。
Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact...,中文意思是：“虽然…，但是…” 。前面是个让步状语从句，后面是主句，要说明的观点在主句中。
例如某段话的主题句为：
However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepare d to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructu red interview.
讲解：这句比较复杂，不好理解。应重点看主句部分many organisations are still prepa red to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview。正确答案为：The unstructured interview and its validity。
Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labor for family work are very rigid indeed.
讲解：这句话比较复杂，不好理解。按照前面的注意事项，应重点看主句部分。主句部分 中，有show的类似结构：showing that，所以，其后的宾语从句是要说明的观点，是该段话 的主旨。正确答案应是divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed 的 改写。其中，关键词是rigid，在本句中的意思是固定不变的。正确答案为：The uncha nged role of the female parent。
请注意：正确选项中的unchanged是原文主题句中的关键词rigid的同义词。
8.如果主题句是not only ... but also句型，应重点看but also后面的部 分。
not only ... but also的意思是“不仅…而且…”，常用来承上启下。not only后面 的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨。 所以，应重点看but also后面的部分。
例某段话的主题句为：
Diversity exists not only between cultures, but also within a single culture.
译文：多样性不仅存在于不同的文化之间，而且还存在于同一文化之中。
讲解：本句用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨是：多样性存 在于不同的文化之间，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨是：多样性存在于 同一文化之中。正确答案为：Variation within cultures。
例：For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater li kelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a ca ll is received by the police.
译文：例如，只有警察在接到电话1-2分钟之后做出的快速反应才更有可能抓住罪犯。
讲解：这是一个以For example开始的举例子的句子，所以不用看，肯定不是主题句。
11.正确答案应是主题句的改写，与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。
正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句中的某些词特别一致的选项应不是正确答案。
例如某段话的第一句(主题句)为：
Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey.
While student visa holders took either 10-29 week or 40 week courses,most studen ts on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks,or from 10 to 19 weeks in length.
容易误选的选项为：
Visas
正确选项为：
Length of Courses作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-6-8 17:38 标题: 2006年考研英语新增题型详解及制胜方略（10）
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］What to do as a student?
［B］Various definitions of plagiarism
［C］Ideas should always be sourced
［D］Ignorance can be forgiven
［E］Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
［F］The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars,writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas.In the English-speaking world,the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas.Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning,and publication as one’s own of the ideas,or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43.
Plagiarism by accident,or oversight,sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from.He may have read it long ago,heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against,it is the least serious and,if lessons learned,can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources.The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting,listing bibliography－are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中，［F］项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。
