考研英语难，难在何处？难在句子太长，结构太复杂。其实，万变不离其宗，总有章法可循，且看我们如何演绎。也许能给你启发呢？
为了使分析更有针对性，我们不但剖析了英语长难句的基本句型，而且对近年来考研英语试题中出现的典型长难句进行了分析。
第一部分 长难句基本句型
近几年，考研英语出现了很多难句。并且这些难句主要是长难句。长难句的形成主要通过以下四种方式：复合从句、成分省略、使用插入语和改变句序。这四种方式往往可以相互结合，从而形成更长的难句。虽然形成长难句之方法有四，但是目的却只有一个，就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯，从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力的目标。下面分别对这四种方式一一解析。
一、复合从句
在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴，当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理，并不是从语言学研究角度进行的，而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。
（一）简单复合从句
简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。套用从句，其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链，只要抓住句子的各个连接点，理出句子层次，就完全可以把握住。
在翻译定语从句时，“这（些/个）”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时，定语从句一般可以跳过，实在不放心可以略读。一般情况下，考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。
并列从句大致有四种情况：并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实，并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同，只不过并列从句一般较长，会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。
并列从句修饰主语，就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时，可以直译，把从句作定语，直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长，可以使用复指代词。另外，翻译从句先行词时，要注意词性的转换，比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。
并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下，这些从句都不完整，多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上，现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语，都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。
并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种，一种是单纯宾语，另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分；准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。
并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰，阅读难度不大，但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。
（二）复杂复合从句
复杂复合从句，就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略，插入和倒装等形式，从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略，语用省略一般很少。出现插入语，其实是指这些词或短语的插入，使句子语法成分的联系打断，句子的整体性受到冲击，从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时，一般多可以翻为状语，有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时，越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换，然后进行语序恢复。
背诵例句：
1．Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
译文：许多专家认为：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大，而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。
2．How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
译文：这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。
3．Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
译文：部队突然开了火，打死四人，还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。
4．The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
译文：那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王，只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。
5．Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
译文：我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中，这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。
6．To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
译文：在我们看来，成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子，他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。
二、成分省略
语言有个节省性原则。成分省略，主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略，也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高，因此需要熟记。
背诵例句：
It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
译文：即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式，这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。
To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
译文：对美国人来说，个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的选择。
In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
译文：女人们从心底认为：挣钱是男人的事情，女人只管话花钱——可能的话丈夫在世时就花；不行的话，那就在丈夫去世后再花。
4．I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
译文：我可以接受这个事实，因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错，那么其他的外科大夫出错也就难免了。
5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
译文：凭借坚强的意志，人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。
6．The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
译文：战争终于结束，但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结束。作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-7-7 09:27 标题: 考研英语长难句精析·[连载一~十一]
1．Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
译文：大多数专家都从中看到一种矛盾，即从众的欲望和试图与众不同的欲望之间的绵延不断的冲突。.
4．Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
1．So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
译文：那男孩对这本书如此着迷，以至于他的母亲不得不总强迫他停下。
2．Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
译文：除非研究提供证据表明这个节目有不良影响，否则电视节目的播放政策不会改变。
3．Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
译文：离婚后，他每月只能看儿子一次。这使他感到孤独。
4．Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
2）that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模
3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
[句子主干]
Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
[语法难点]
主语是some of these causes，实际的主语就是some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为“属于”。
5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-7-7 09:30 标题: 考研英语长难句精析·[连载一~十一]
6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
[语法难点]注意not…but句型，意为“不是……而是……”
[句子翻译]
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
[翻译技巧]
严格说来，not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所 以译为“与……无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。
7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
[句子主干]
However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
[语法难点]
so made指“如此构成”，so和后面的that构成so…that结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。
be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。
[句子翻译]
然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。
[翻译技巧]
be so made that意为“如…构成”，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。
in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……
8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
[句子主干]
New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[语法难点]有并列从句。
1)主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as连接。
2）as在这里引导了一个介词结构（as they have in the past），have的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了which are。
[句子翻译]
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
[翻译技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to给……以机会
9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
[语法难点]有省略。
close to分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用rising，是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was，
the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.
[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
[语法难点]
有套合从句。
本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
[句子翻译]
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
[翻译技巧]
agree为“约定的”意思，agreed account直译为“约定的看法”，意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外，将不定代词具体化，也更符合汉语习惯。
17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
[语法难点]
该句仍为主从复合句That引导的宾语从句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。
18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
[语法难点]
有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分，后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，主语是animals，谓语是should be treated，either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语，either引导的介词短语中，humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
it 的所指要明确。leads thediscussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”，at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句，更合乎汉语习惯。
19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”，不要把respect 译成“尊重”；extremists为极端主义者；let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内，不关乎道德”。
20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[语法难点]
以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句，作instinct的定语。
21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[句子主干]
The Aswan Dam, … stopped the Nile flooding…but…
[语法难点]
有插入语。
for example是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构，是“如此……以至于”的意思。
22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
[句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
[语法难点]
有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。
part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。
23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[句子主干]
New ways of … workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
[语法难点]
有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。
24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
[句子主干] His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
[语法难点]
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。
far too many译为“太多的（比实际需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。
25. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University
[句子主干] As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked…, notably…
26.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
[句子主干]Defenders of science have also voiced…, and…, which assembled last June…
[语法难点]
有省略。
held in New York City in 1995是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was，修饰的是前面的the flight from science。
defenders of science译为“科学的捍卫者”。the flight from science and reason译为“飞离科学和理性”。reason译为“理性”。
27.This development and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
strong implications译为“重大影响”。For the first time in the history指“历史上第一次”。head counting译为“人口普查”。
28.Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.。
[句子主干]Unlike…, they are not always found…that make up…; on the contrary, many of them…
[语法难点]
unlike…分句是状语结构，修饰的是they（the world’s volcanoes）。该句结构其实并不复杂，因为on the contrary将句子分成清晰独立的两个部分。讲一个阅读时的小技巧，在看到on the contrary这样表明逻辑顺序的连词时，就可以在阅读时有所取舍。像on the contrary，必然强调的是后面的部分，所以之前的部分可以不看。
[句子翻译]
与大多数火山不同的是，它们都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板块的连接处，许多反倒藏在板块的深处。
[翻译技巧]
most of译为“大多数”；drifting plate译为“大陆板块”；make up指“组成”。
29．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look sin to the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
[句子主干] But even more important, it was…had been able to…, for what they were seeing were…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。该句的总体结构是“主句＋for＋原因状语从句”。主句是强调句，强调的内容是the farthest。在原因状语从句中，“what they were seeing”是从句的主语，“that existed 15 billion years ago”为定语从句，修饰前面的“the patterns and structures”。
30．The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
[句子主干] The existence…was…required for the Big Bang…to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
[语法难点]
有插入语。该句结构简单，不过由于中间插入了一个过去分词短语first put forward in the 1920s，修饰“Big Bang”，致使结构难辨。
31. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
[句子主干]Astrophysicists…are closing in on such structures. And may report…
[语法难点]
有并列从句。
本句为and引导的并列句，两个并列谓语分别是“are closing in on such structures”和“may report their findings soon”，它们的主语Astrophysicists后面有一个由分词短语充当的定语“working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments”。
[句子翻译]
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
[翻译技巧]
本句翻译的难点在于词汇的正确理解和表达，“ground-based detectors”应该理解成“架设在地面上的探测仪”，“balloon-borne instruments”则意为“用气球运载的仪器”，“are closing in on”原意为“从四面八方包围上来，笼罩”，应该译为“正越来越近地，越来越接近”，不应该译为“密切注意，密切关注”，特别值得强调的是“structures”不要翻译成“结构”，而要结合上下文译成“云系，团状物质”。
32．If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
[句子主干]If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be…, a refinement of the …
[语法难点]
有省略。该句是一个主从复合句，总体轮廓是“If+条件从句+主句”。在主句中，“a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory”是“yet another scientific idea”的同位语，其中“called the inflationary universe theory”是过去分词短语，作“a refinement of the Big Bang”的定语。
33．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
[句子主干]Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is…, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for…
[语法难点]
有倒装。该句的结构是“though引导的状语从句＋主句”，其中，让步状语从句又用了倒装形式，正常语序应该是though it sounds odd，主句是由and 连接的两个并列分句。
从句中的it指代的是主句的主语cosmic inflation，按照汉语习惯，应在从句中先译出来。而且汉语中尽量避免像英语中那么频繁地使用人称代词。一般说来，将它所替代的实际内容翻译出来为好。本句中的两个it均指宇宙膨胀理论。scientifically plausible consequence应该译为“在科学上令人信服的推论”，避免如下错误译法“自豪的结果，相应的部分，称道的结果”。for the better part of a decade= for more than half of a decade，实为“十年中的一大半”，故可译为“七八年”。
34. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[句子主干]
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary…and many are required by…, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from…
[语法难点]
有并列从句。该句的难点在于转折状语从句很长，使主句的主谓结构it isn’t clear that…较难发现。while分句是由and连接的两个并列结构构成的，第一个并列成分中间还插有由两个破折号包住的插入成分，即“the dangers of drug interactions, for example”。
35. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "
[句子主干]
At the same time, the American Law Institute…issued new guidelines for tort law stating that…
[语法难点]
“at the same time”是状语成分，破折号内的成分是补充说明“the American Law Institute”，实际上如果没有破折号，而用逗号分开就是句子的同位语成分。“tort law stating that…”这是宾语从句，后面的内容是“tort law”的内容。
36．The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
[句子主干]
The examples of…show that …with the right mix of…
[语法难点]
本句为简单句，但包含了不少并列的列举成分，阅读的时候要注意适当地跳跃。
“with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will..”是状语结构，修饰的是“a Website selling the right kind of products”,是对后者的补充说明。
“with the right mix of”表示“把……好处结合起来”。“interactivity”“hospitality”“security”分别译为“相互合作”，“热情周到”，“安全可靠”。
37．But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.
[句子主干]
But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for…until…, it was widely accepted that…
“this was not the case”是英语的常用用法，译为“情况并非如此”。It was widely accepted that译为“被普遍认为”。“equipped by nature pursue”应译为“本性上不适于……”，不要译为“不具有天生的品质”，这样才更顺畅。
38. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement .
[句子主干]
Banking on the confusion between…and…for bringing…into…, computer-ed advocates often emphasize …
[语法难点]
“banking on the confusion between…”是主句的状语成分，注意其中的“between…and…”结构。“for bringing computers into schools”是表原因的状语成分。
“Banking on the confusion between…”如果直接译为“教育目标和职业目标存在争论”就显得不清晰，应该译为“一方面……；另一方面……”。“computer-ed advocates”译为“计算机教育倡导者”。
39．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton on President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[句子主干]
Declaring that he was opposed to using this…to clone humans, he ordered that federal funes not be used for an xperiment…
40. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. "
[句子主干]
In a draft preface…, discussed…, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found…would be…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。该句是主从复合句，主句是“Shapiro suggested that…”,“discussed at the 17 May meeting”是非限定性定语从句，用来修饰主句。
41. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
[句子主干]
While…as there are historians , modern practice…conforms to one that sees…recreate and explain…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。
该句是复合句。while引导的是状语从句，在这个状语从句中又含一个由as…引导的从句；第一个as是程度副词，第二个as是连词，引导比较状语从句。主句中that引导定语从句，修饰one，而one后的definition省略了。To create and explain都是不定式短语，用来修饰attempt。
42. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
[句子主干]
Interest in historical methods…through…challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discioline…more from.…
翻译时一定要注意适当增词或减词。本句的主语interest in historical methods要根据上下文增词，译为“对历史研究方法的兴趣”，而不要译为“对历史方法的兴趣”。英语interest是名词“兴趣”，可转译为“关注”。
43．During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
[句子主干]
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional…to interpret the new forms of evidence…
