By可用于被动句，引出使动者、原因或工具

Pattern: be + 过去分词 + by + noun

The work was done by a carpenter.

那是木匠弄的。

The mark was made by a hammer.

凿痕是锤子弄的。

The damage was caused by the storm.

损失是暴风雪弄的。

By可指“沿着……边界”

They walked by the side of the road.

他们沿着路边走。

By可指方法或方式。

P: v + (n) + by + n

She made a little money by begging.

她通过乞讨赚点钱。

We sent the letter by air mail.

我们通过空邮寄信。

They went to the mountains by Route 66.

他们沿66号公路上的山。

By可指依据方式、时间、包裹、重量、数字或数额干什么。

P: v + (n) + by + the + n

He makes his decisions by the rules.

他按规矩做决策。

She charges by the hour.

她按小时收费。

We buy eggs by the dozen.

我们按沓买鸡蛋。

典型单词：day, hour, month, week, job, piece, bag, barrel, box, bucket, bushel, cup, drop, gallon, ounce, pint, pound, quart, ream, tablespoonful, teaspoonful

By可指“不迟于……”

You must be here by six A.M. sharp.

你必须在早晨六点之前到这。

I'm worried; they should have arrived by now.

我很担心；他们现在应高到了啊（怎么还没有来）？

相关词组：

by the time—当……时候（when）

By the time you get up, I'll be in New York.

我起床的时候，我应该在纽约。

By means ——紧邻……

His desk is by mine.

我们俩的桌子紧挨着。

I hope you will stay by me.

我希望你能带在我身边。

By可用于四则运算。

We multiplied four by three. (4 × 3 = 12)

They divided ten by two. (10 ÷ 2 = 5)

By可指“很多”

P: by + the + n

He gets letters by the hundreds every day.

他每天收到几百封信。

典型名词：dozens, hundreds, thousands, truckload

By可指输赢的程度

That horse won by a nose.

那匹马赢了一个鼻子的距离。

They lost the basketball game by three points.

他们打篮球输了三分。

相关词组

by a mile——表示程度很多

We won the game by a mile.

我们赢得很漂亮。

by far——到目前为止

He is by far the strongest man here.

他目前是这里最强壮的人。

词组：

by all means——
一定（certainly）

You should by all means visit the art gallery.

你一定得到画廊看看。

(all) by oneself——独自

The children are at home by themselves.

孩子们独自在家。

The girl made the cake all by herself.

那个女孩自己做了个蛋糕。

by day——在白天

by night——在夜里

Most people work by day and sleep by night.

大多数人在白天工作，夜里睡觉。

by chance——偶然、碰巧

I saw my teacher at the mall by chance.

我在购物中心遇到了老师。

by (any) chance——也许

Do you by any chance have change for a dollar?

也许你可以帮我兑换一下一块钱。

by the way——顺便说一句

By the way, my aunt is coming to visit next week. Why don't you come see her?

顺便说一句，我深深下周要来。你为什么不过来见见他呢？

little by little (副词)——慢慢地

He practiced every day, and little by little, began to show improvement.

他每天都做练习，慢慢地提高了水平。

one by one——一个接一个；two by two—一次两个

One by one, she picked up the pearls from her broken necklace.

她把项链散落的珍珠一个一个地捡了起来。

The schoolchildren walked to the museum, two by two, holding hands.

学生们挽着手，一对一对地走进博物馆。

by profession——暗指职业

He is a teacher by profession.

他的职业是教师。

by nature/by disposition——就其本性而言，自然地

She is generous by nature.

她天生慷慨。

He is nervous by disposition.

他随性紧张。

by reputation——凭借声望

She is a good lawyer by reputation.

她是名有声望的律师。

go by the board——落空，没实现

Our suggestions for improving the company went by the board.

我们改善公司的建议未被采纳

by and by (副词)——有朝一日，未来

We'll meet again, by and by.

我们终有一日会见面。

by and large (副词)——几乎，总的来说

The company is doing well, by and large.

总得来说，这家公司做得很好。

动词短语

do well by (不可分)——对……负责

She was a good mother; she did well by her children.

她是位好母亲，把自己的孩子照顾得很好。

stand by (不可分)——支持

She stood by me when I was in trouble.

当我有困难的时候，她会站在我这边。

swear by (不可分)——对……起誓,，极其信赖

My mother swears by that cleaning product.

我妈妈非常喜欢那款清洁产品。

drop by (不及物)——顺便来访

Your friends dropped by this afternoon, but you weren't here.

你的朋友今天下午过来了，但是你没在这。

drop by (可分)——提交

A boy dropped this package by today.

一个男孩今天把包裹寄了出去。

get by (不及物)——勉强度日、活着

He's feeble, but he gets by.

他很虚弱，但还活着。

go by (nonseparable)——路过

We went by your house last night.

我昨晚路过你们家。

put by (可分)——储存，放在一边

She put her dreams by for a while.

她把梦想放在一边，不予理睬。

run by (可分)——详细讲述

She ran her story by me several times this afternoon.

今天下午，她把这个故事彻头彻尾地讲了几遍。