be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.
或标点符号，如——，()等，例：
Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in
the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates,“hollow瞘utted”organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.Intelligent behavior remainedimpossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types ofbrain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nineyears before they got married. Although he often had theopportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This wouldhave endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want tojeopardize his future.
例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，butin laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items. Mostdentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office isa bright，cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：
People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot watersprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator. A man iswatering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. Ashe ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and greatscientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographicalarea. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental toyour health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because hemakes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.When Mark was inpedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave longlectures on boring, insignificant topics.
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity. An atomic clockis so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictionsbased on Einstein’s relativity theories.
from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文紧接着的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，theyfind themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，andeven snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.
据此主题，我们可以比较有把握地预测到下文将着墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：
The United States Army has now determined that glare from snowdoes not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-coveredcountry. Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in abroad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gazecontinually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscapein search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，theeyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and theeye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing moreand more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeballin increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，andthe result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.
Although most universities in the United States are run on a semestersystem, which offers classes in the fall and spring, some schoolsobserve a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring, and summerquarters. The academic year, September to June, is divided into threequarters of eleven weeks each beginning in September, January, andMarch, the summer quarter, June to August is composed of shortersessions of varying length. Students may take advantage of theopportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters,Most students begin their programs in the fall quarter, but they mayenter at the beginning of any of the other
①Proponents of father-attended childbirth assert that thefather’s experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with hischild…
②As a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage, oneman compared his past experience as a new father to being inthe delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter…
③ Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of whatis going on when their husbands are with them when they give birth…
例：Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the lesswell-off section of the community, there is no evidence that economiccircumstances have any causal relationship with street
violence.
A) There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to street violence.
B) Not all the people in the community referred to are poor.
C) There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from street viloence.
D) All rioters come from the poorer section of the community.
本例中，只有A可由原文推知，其中Apart from所引述的正是经济环境与暴力的一种相关性;C否定了这一相关性，故与原文相悖;D与原句中“rioters tend to come from…”的原意不符：“往往”不等于“总是”;B则是原文第一部分的重述，不属推论。作者: 簿子酒 时间: 2010-4-28 20:59
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2# 簿子酒