译文1:Sept.10 is TeachersDay.What is the image of teachers in peoples heart?Little reporters from the middle school attached to Qinghua University walked out of their school gate and interviewed 76 passersby.The interview shows that 83% people think that teachers shoulder the important task of educating the next generation,they are the decisive factor of improving the whole peoples cultural level,and they are worth of being respected.
译文2:Whats the teachers image?On Teachers Day,Sept.10,a group of teenage reporters from the secondary school of Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventysix passersby.Eightysix of those surveyed said that teachers should be held in high esteem because they are committed to the shaping of the younger generation,an undertaking crucial to achieving a higher level of education in China.
比较上面的译文,可以看出,译文1显得呆板、生硬,而译文2比较通顺、流畅。译文1显然忽略了文章的逻辑关系,只是一味地按照原文的行文顺序和字面意思,逐字逐句地翻译,而译文2没有拘泥于原文的词汇和句式,不是孤立地看一句译一句,而是在通观全局、仔细推敲上下文和文章内容的基础上,抓住了文章重心和主旨(即教师在人们心目中的形象),能根据上下文的需要和英文的表达习惯对原文结构和词汇进行调整。如把“What is the teachers image”一句放到句首,既符合英文表达习惯,又突出了主题,使主要内容一目了然。另外,从上下文看,译文1照字面意思把“小记者”译为“little reporters”,似乎不如译文2的“teenage reporters”确切。译文2把“采访”分别灵活地译成“poll”和“survey”也显得很恰当。译文1把“走出校门”译成“walked out of their school gate”,而译文2只译为“took a poll on the street”,既然是采访街头的人当然要在校外进行,这是不言而喻的,因此这样译比较简练。但译文2把“清华附中”译为“the secondary school of Qinghua University”不妥,还是译文1的译法准确。
译文1:In 1953,America and England planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and to attack China with nuclear weapons.When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country,the leaders of new China felt deeply worried and immediately decided to set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause.
译文2:In 1953,when they learned from diplomatic sources of a third country that the United States and Britain were prepared to attack mainland China and the Chinese troops in Korea with nuclear weapons,the leaders of new China,deeply concerned,decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.
译文1基本是直译,保留了原文的结构和叙述顺序;译文2则通过运用从句、分词短语等手段把次要内容融合在一个句子中,因而突出了中心思想。从原文内容看,语句的重要信息应该是“新中国的领导人立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定”。而“1953年,英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹,并准备用核武器进攻中国”和“这一消息由第三国外交官转告北京”这两句都是当时的背景信息,“深感忧虑”则是细节描写,也是次要信息,因此只要选择恰当的从句、短语等句型就足以将这些从属信息表达清楚。例如“新中国领导人深感忧虑,立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定”一句中的“深感忧虑”这层意思就可用分词短语“deeply concerned”翻译出来,这样的处理既能恰当地再现原文内容,又符合英语表达习惯,虽然译文结构复杂,但层次清楚,文字组织得当,主题突出,而且概念清晰、准确。又如,把“英美两国”改译为the United States and Britain比America and England更准确,把“深感忧虑”改为“deeply concerned”也比“deeply worried”更恰当。因为从上下文看,concerned一词能体现当时中国领导人对原子弹事业的关心,也符合领导人的身份。
译文语气平淡,缺少应有的气势,这是考生做汉译英题时存在的一个普遍问题。考生除翻译水平和语言水平有限外,对翻译实质的理解也是至关重要的。很多考生认为只要能运用掌握的词汇和语法规则把句子翻译出来就行了。其实,忽视了原文语气和风格的译文,其忠实程度和可读性就可能打折扣。试看这样一句:“我们的朋友遍天下”,句子结构简单,用词也不深奥,考生一般都能不假思索地把句子译为:“Our friends are all over the world.”这样的译文应该说不坏,句子既没有语法错误,原文的信息也基本上反映出来了。但仔细推敲,我们发现与原文的“我们的朋友遍天下”相比,“Our friends are all over the world”显得气势不足,至少原文所隐含的自豪感在译文中丢失了。如果吃透原文,摆脱原有句架的限制,而把句子译成“We have friends all over the world”是否更能准确地反映出原有的气势?这是显而易见的。
译文1:In the last few decades,perhaps no topic was concerned more by management researchers than the topic of art of leadership.
译文2:Probably no other single topic has gained more attention from management researchers in the last few decades than leadership.
译文1中的“perhaps no topic”分量不够,语气平淡,没有充分译出原句“可能没有任何其他话题”所表现的气势;而译文2的“probably no other single topic”则加强了译文的语气和句势,尤其是probably和single两个词能准确反映原文的全貌,恰如其分地反衬了leadership(领导艺术)这一话题的受瞩目程度,从而突出了主题。可见,翻译不应拘泥于原文的一词一句,而是要忠实于原文的思想,在吃透原文思想的情况下撇开原文的结构,翻译出言下之意,这也是提高译文忠实程度、增强可读性,提高译文质量的重要一步。
4.死译或望文生义,导致译文不准确、不忠实、生硬、费解
有些考生认为一字不漏地翻译出原文的字面意思就是忠实于原文的最稳妥、最可靠的办法。但实际上,我们知道,中英两种语言是两种不同的语言文字,在词汇和语法上有较大的差异,而且在概念和思维上也都存在差异,即使一个意思,两种语言的表达方法也很不相同。如果死译、硬译,或生搬硬套,只能使译文含糊不清,让人费解。例如,有人把“the treatment of teachers is bad”当作是“教师待遇不好”的忠实译文,实际上是硬译、错译。因为英语中的treatment一词并不等于汉语的“待遇”这个概念,两者语义范围也不一样,而且treatmnt作“待遇”讲时多有贬义,但原文根本没有贬低教师的意思,只是阐明“教师收入偏低”这一事实而已。可见,这句话如果改译为“teachers are poorly paid”则更简单,更恰当。同样,如果把“自改革开放以来”译成“since the reform and opening policy”,不仅文法不通,而且也不能达意。因此一味地找对应词,只顾表面的忠实,最终只会损害译文的内容,影响译文的表达效果。再看下面的例子:
译文1:Recently the Anyang Match Factory of Henan Province sent an urgent report to the Ministry of Railroad:Our factory is the biggest matchproducing factory in the country,and is responsible for the task of supplying civil matches for the whole province.Because of shortage of timber,the factory is facing a closedown.The situation is indeed serious.Over the last few months,production dropped so sharply that it has caused market tense.In cities,the price of matches is four times its normal one,and in the countryside,there is even the phenomenon of peoples having difficulties in eating and lighting.
译文2:The Anyang Match Factory,a major match producer for domestic use in Henan Province and the biggest one in the country,recently sent an SOS to the Ministry of Railways,saying that the factory was running short of timber.The message is not a false alarm.The drastic cutbacks in the output of the factory have caused an acute shortage of matches in the market over the last few months.In the cities,a box of matches is now selling at four times its normal price on the black market;in the countryside,people do not even have matches to light their cooking stoves.
译文1中一些地方翻译得不够清楚,如把“紧急报告”译成urgent report,虽然字面意思接近,但译文机械呆板;从特定的上下文看,这句话的真实信息是“形势严重”、“关系重要”,因此翻译时必须选用相应的词,要把这层意思点明。译文2使用了SOS这一具有特殊感情色彩的词,既符合客观事实,也能给读者一个鲜明的形象,提高了译文质量。同样,“火柴市场紧张”中的“紧张”在文中是“短缺”而非其他,译成the match market is tense让人费解,且这几个词也搭配不当,如改译为an acute shortage of matches in the market既清楚又能使读者明白。再如“百姓出现吃饭点灯难现象”,译文1也过分拘泥于原文的一词一字,因而晦涩难懂,文理不通。
首先应当指出,直译不是死译,而是指基本保留原有句子结构,照字面意思翻译。意译也不是胡译、乱译,而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下,为了表达的需要,对原文作相应的调整。前面提到的译文Our friends are all over the world是直译,而We have friends all over the world就是意译。直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨,意译则更多考虑英语的特点,更强调译文的效果,不求形式对应,只求语言在深层次中的对应。总之,选择直译还是意译,应该根据文章具体需要而定,两种译法可以并用。
词类转换是翻译中常见的手段,通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式,引起句法的转换,如“近来,研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染”可译为Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts.原文中的“发现”是动词,而译文根据上下文的需要,灵活地把动词转换成名词discoveries.
(2)增词、减词。
译文的增词、减词都是为了更确切、更忠实地表达原文的含义和精神。译文中添加一些原文没有的词句,表面上看似不忠实,但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有,而是隐含在原文中的。减词是在不影响原意的情况下省略无关紧要的词语,避免拖泥带水。如“感冒可以通过人的手传染”可以译为flu can be spread by hand contacts,其中的contacts就是根据译文需要添加上的。而“百姓出现吃饭点灯难现象”中的“现象”一词可以省略,只译成people do not even have matches to light their stoves就足以表达原文中的信息。
3.短文英译的基本程序
做汉译英时一般应经过以下步骤:
(1)通读并透彻理解全文。
(2)紧紧抓住文章的逻辑关系,透过语言的表层现象,深入到文章的深层结构,找出中心信息和外围信息。
(3)组织译文的结构,根据各层意思选择句子结构,搭起基本框架;根据上下文选择适当的词汇和表达手段,特别要按英语的表达逻辑来调整语句。如“虽然…但是”,在译成英文时不能译成Although…but…,而只能译成Although he is poor,he is well contented.“他虽穷却能知足常乐。”
用词单一会使语言枯燥无味、苍白无力;而选词多样化可以加强语言的表现力,使译文的表达更丰富。举例来说,“北京是中国的首都,名胜古迹甚多”这句话该怎么译成英文?按照英语表达习惯,在译成英语时要把句中的“是中国首都”处理成次要信息,把这部分当成“北京”的同位语处理,这样就译成:Beijing,the capital of China,has quite many places of historic interest and scenic beauty.通过这种手段可以使句子在逻辑和思想上连接起来,一方面突出了重要信息,另一方面也使语言更为紧凑