Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right； but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
重点词汇：
specialisation /7speFElai5zeiFEn/（专业化）即special+is（e）+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表人。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman， which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。specialist—a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours专科医生-一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。specialist—one who knows more and more about less and less专家-对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。
response /ris5pCns/（回复；响应）是respond（见2003年Text 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor， the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。
accumulation /Ekju：mju5leiF（E）n/（积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation，accumulate（v.积累，堆积），-ation名词后缀。University are full of knowledge； the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away， and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。
professionalisation /7prE5feFEnElai5zeiFEn/（职业化）即professional+is（e）+ation，professional（职业的；职业人员），-ise动词后缀（professionalise即v.职业化），-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals， men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。
clear-cut明确的，清晰的。
amateur /5AmEtE/（业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音爱慕它，业余爱好者选择某专业必定是爱慕它。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur—a young man who， when flattering women， is afraid of overdoing it业余选手-奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。
distinction /dis5tiNkFEn/（差别，区分）即distinct+ion，distinct（清楚的，明显的），-ion名词后缀。同根词：extinct灭绝（因为有x而省略s）；instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。
participation /pB：7tisi5peiFEn/（参加；分享）即parti+cip+ation，parti（=part），cip（=cap）抓（参captive，2003年Text 3），-ation名词后缀，抓取其中一部分→分享；动词为participate←parti+cip+ate.We participate in a tragedy； at a comedy we only look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。
in terms of依据；用……措辞。
reveal /ri5vi：l/（v.展现；揭示；泄露）即re+veal，re-前缀（=away），veal（=veil）面纱，揭开面纱→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind， you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。
emphasis /5emfEsis/（强调，重点）可看作em+phasis，em-前缀强调，phasis看作是phase（阶段）的复述形式，于是在各阶段里最值得强调的→强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上，而非强调其实施。
definition /7defi5niFEn/（定义）即defin（e）+ition，define（下定义；限定）见2002年Text 4，-ition名词后缀。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。
represent /7repri5zent/（v.描述；代表）←re+present.Books only partially represent their authors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。
reflect /ri5flekt/（v.反射；反映；思考）←re回+flect弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light： To be the candle， or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。
referee /7refE5ri：/（仲裁者v.仲裁）←refer+ee.
separate /5sepEreit/（分离的v.分离）←se+par+ate，se-前缀分离，par看作part分离，-ate后缀。同前缀词：select（v.选择a.精选的）←se+lect选。We sleep in separate rooms， we have dinner apart， we take separate vacations—we‘re doing everything we can to keep our marriage together.我们在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假-我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。You can’t separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。
delay /di5lei/（v.n.耽搁，延迟）看作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暂时放下→耽搁。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。
reckon /5rekEn/（v.认为；估算）看作re+ckon，re-前缀反复，ckon谐音啃，题目太难了，需要re啃才能估算出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life， provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被要求工作。To sensible men， every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。
psychology /sai5kClEdVi/（心理学）←psycho+logy，psycho词根心理，-logy后缀……学。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。psychology—①the science that tells you what you already know， in words you can‘t understand②the theology of the twentieth century心理学-①一门科学：它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事②20世纪的神学。
in one‘s own right凭自身条件；under way在进行中。
难句解析：
①No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.▲先看前面的句子的主干是No…… distinction can be drawn between……，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是the word amateur does carry a connotation，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。
△注意nevertheless表示转折，其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word amateur DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT.
②The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.▲两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated.前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science.
③A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.▲本句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心词为a comparison），谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply…… but also……所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。
△an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research译为对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper译为一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化，其中what指代the elements that.
④The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.▲全句的主干结构是The…… result has been to do sth.。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by……， and then by……。
⑤A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.▲这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas（而）连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs.
△coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团。
